imperial japanese armed forces

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      The Imperial Japanese Armed Forces (IJAF, full Japanese: 帝国陸海軍, romanized: Teikoku riku-kaigun or Nippon-gun (日本軍) for short, meaning "Japanese Forces") were the unified forces of the Empire of Japan. Formed during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were disbanded in 1945, shortly after Japan's defeat to the Allies of World War II; the revised Constitution of Japan, drafted during the Allied occupation of Japan, replaced the IJAF with the present-day Japan Self-Defense Forces.
      The Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy functioned as the IJAF's primary service branches, with the country's aerial power being split between the Army Air Service under the former and the Navy Air Service under the latter.


      History



      The IJAF was founded with an edict emanated on 3 January 1868, as part of the Japanese reorganization of the army and the application of innovations during the Meiji Restoration. The reorganization of the army and the navy during the Meiji period boosted Japanese military strength, allowing the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy to achieve major victories, such as during the First Sino-Japanese war and the Russo-Japanese War.
      The IJAF also served in WW1 and WW2. It was operational until the Surrender of Japan after World War II in 1945.


      Organization



      During the pre-war era the army and navy had separate school branches. Since the Meiji era, the Choshu Domain from Yamaguchi Prefecture dominated the IJA. The IJN was dominated by the Satsuma Domain from Kagoshima Prefecture. This resulted in that they operated separately rather than a single umbrella strategy.
      During the Showa period, the IJA and IJN had different outlooks on allies and enemies. The IJA considered Nazi Germany as a natural partner and the Soviet Union as a threat, while the IJN stressed that collaboration with Nazi Germany would hurt relations with the United Kingdom and the United States.
      Some equipment was also procured separately. For example, the IJA secured its own ships and self-designed submarines in World War 2. Former Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida criticized the sectionalism of the IJAF.


      Interservice rivalry



      The Imperial Army and Navy had a fierce interservice rivalry centering around how the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces ought to secure territories containing valuable natural resources not available at home to fuel and grow the Japanese economy. The Army mainly supported the Hokushin-ron doctrine, which called for expansion into Manchuria and Siberia and would have the army take on a prime role, while the Navy supported the Nanshin-ron doctrine, which stated that Japan ought to expand into Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands and would be reliant on the navy to do so.


      Main chronology




      = Under Emperor Meiji

      =
      1870 (1870) Proclamation of unified military system (Army is French-style, Navy is British-style)
      1871 (1871) Goshinpei are organized by donations from Satsuma, Choshu, and Tosa.
      Proclamation of conscription order in 1873
      1874 Saga Rebellion, Taiwan troop dispatch
      Ganghwa Island Incident in 1875
      1876 Kumamoto Shinfuren Rebellion, Akizuki Rebellion, Hagi Rebellion
      Meiji 10 (1877) Satsuma Rebellion
      1882 (1882) Promulgation of the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers
      1888 (1888) Promulgation of the Army General Staff Ordinance, the Navy General Staff Ordinance, and the Division Headquarters Ordinance
      1889 (Meiji 22) Promulgation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan
      1893 (Meiji 26) Promulgation of the Wartime Imperial Headquarters Ordinance
      Meiji 27 (1894) Sino-Japanese War
      The Sino-Japanese War ended in 1895. Japanese troops requisition Taiwan based on the Treaty of Shimonoseki
      1899 (Meiji 32) Boxer Rebellion Incident
      1900 (Meiji 33) Established an active military officer system of the military minister, Kitasei incident
      Meiji 37 (1904) Russo-Japanese War
      1905 (Meiji 38) Operation Sakhalin, the end of the Russo-Japanese War


      = Under Emperor Taishō

      =
      In 1913, the military minister can be appointed as a reserve, back-up, or retired general.
      1914 Siemens scandal, World War I (Battle of Qingdao)
      1918 Siberian intervention, end of World War I
      1919 (Taisho 8) Promulgation of the Kwantung Army Headquarters Ordinance
      Nikolayevsk Incident in 1920
      1921 Washington Naval Treaty
      The Amakasu Incident in 1923
      Siberian intervention ended in 1925, Ugaki military contraction


      = Under Emperor Shōwa

      =
      Shōwa 2 (1927)
      First Shandong troops
      First Nanking Incident
      Shōwa 3 (1928)
      Second Shandong troops
      Jinan Incident
      Zhang Zuolin bombing case
      Shōwa 5 (1930)
      London Naval Treaty
      Taiwan Musha Incident
      Shōwa 6 (1931)
      March Incident
      Manchurian Incident
      October Incident
      Shōwa 7 (1932)
      January 28 Incident
      May 15 Incident
      Manchuria founded
      Shōwa 9 (1934)
      Washington Naval Treaty abolished
      Shōwa 11 (1936)
      February 26 Incident
      Resurrection of the military minister's active military service system
      Japan-Germany Anti-Comintern Pact
      Shōwa 12 (1937)
      China Incident (Sino-Japanese War)
      Marco Polo Bridge Incident
      Tongzhou case
      Battle of Beiping-Tianjin
      Battle of Shanghai
      Rape of Nanking
      Shōwa 13 (1938)
      Battle of Wuhan
      Battle of Lake Khasan
      Promulgation of the National Mobilization Law
      Shōwa 14 (1939)
      The Battle of Khalkhin Gol
      Shōwa 15 (1940)
      Annexation of French Indochina
      Shōwa 16 (1941)
      Declaration of war against the United States and United Kingdom, Greater East Asia War (Pacific War), Southern Operation (Invasion of Hong Kong, Malayan Campaign, Pearl Harbor attack, etc.)
      Sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse
      Shōwa 17 (1942)
      Battle of Rabaul (start of New Guinea Campaign)
      Fall of Singapore
      Bombing of Darwin
      Dutch East Indies Campaign
      Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road
      Battle of Ceylon
      Battle of Midway
      Kokoda Track Campaign
      Shōwa 18 (1943)
      Battle of Guadalcanal Island
      Navy Instep Incident
      Battle of Attu
      Shōwa 19 (1944)
      Navy B case
      Operation C (U Go Offensive)
      Operation Ichi-Go
      Battle of Mariana and Palau Islands
      Philippines Defense Battle
      Creation of a special attack corps
      Shōwa 20 (1945)
      February Yalta Conference
      Rape of Manila
      Battle of Iwo Jima
      March Tokyo air raid
      Battle of Okinawa
      Participation in the Soviet Union against Japan (Soviet invasion of Manchuria / Battle of Sakhalin / Battle of Shumshu)
      Accepting the Potsdam Declaration
      Soviet troops occupy the South Karafuto and Kuril Islands
      September 2-Japanese Instrument of Surrender Signing Ceremony on Battleship Missouri (Japanese Instrument of Surrender, All Armies Stopped Combat, Disarmament Order), Greater East Asia War (Pacific War) and End of World War II
      Soviet Union occupies the Northern Territories
      November The Ministry of the Army and the Ministry of the Navy are dismantled and become the 1st Ministry of Demobilization and the 2nd Ministry of Demobilization.
      Shōwa 21 (1946)
      May International Military Tribunal for the Far East opens
      November 3-Promulgation of the Constitution of Japan
      Shōwa 22 (1947)
      May 3-Enforcement of the Constitution of Japan
      Shōwa 25 (1950)
      August 10-Establishment of National Police Reserve
      Shōwa 27 (1952)
      August 10-National Safety Forces reorganization
      Shōwa 29 (1954)
      July 1-Established "Self-Defense Forces (land, sea, aviation)" and established the Defense Agency (shifted to "Ministry of Defense" on January 9, 2007)


      Components


      Supreme War Council
      Imperial General Headquarters
      Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy
      Imperial Japanese Army
      Marshal-General of the Imperial Japanese Army
      Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
      Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
      Imperial Japanese Army Airborne Forces
      Imperial Japanese Army Military Police
      Imperial Guard of Japan
      Imperial Japanese Navy
      Marshal-Admiral of the Imperial Japanese Navy
      Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
      Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
      Imperial Japanese Navy Land Forces
      Special Naval Landing Forces
      Imperial Japanese Navy Marine Corps
      Imperial Japanese Navy Military Police


      = See also

      =
      Military history of Japan
      List of Japanese government and military commanders of World War II


      Citations




      Bibliography


      Harries, Meirion (1991). Soldiers of the sun : the rise and fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. New Yor: Random House. ISBN 0394569350.

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