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      The Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is an internet protocol standard which builds on the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) protocol by greatly expanding the set of permitted characters. It was defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 2005 in RFC 3987. While URIs are limited to a subset of the US-ASCII character set (characters outside that set must be mapped to octets according to some unspecified character encoding, then percent-encoded), IRIs may additionally contain most characters from the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646), including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Cyrillic characters.


      Syntax


      IRIs extend URIs by using the Universal Character Set, where URIs were limited to ASCII, with far fewer characters. IRIs may be represented by a sequence of octets but by definition are defined as a sequence of characters, because IRIs may be spoken or written by hand.


      Compatibility


      IRIs are mapped to URIs to retain backwards-compatibility with systems that do not support the new format.
      For applications and protocols that do not allow direct consumption of IRIs, the IRI should first be converted to Unicode using canonical composition normalization (NFC), if not already in Unicode format.
      All non-ASCII code points in the IRI should next be encoded as UTF-8, and the resulting bytes percent-encoded, to produce a valid URI.
      Example: The IRI https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ῥόδος becomes the URI https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BF%AC%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82
      ASCII code points that are invalid URI characters may be encoded the same way, depending on implementation.
      This conversion is easily reversible; by definition, converting an IRI to an URI and back again will yield an IRI that is semantically equivalent to the original IRI, even though it may differ in exact representation.
      Some protocols may impose further transformations; e.g. Punycode for DNS labels.


      Advantages


      There are reasons to see URIs displayed in different languages; mostly, it makes it easier for users who are unfamiliar with the Latin (A–Z) alphabet. Assuming that it isn't too difficult for anyone to replicate arbitrary Unicode on their keyboards, this can make the URI system more accessible.


      Disadvantages


      Mixing IRIs and ASCII URIs can make it much easier to execute phishing attacks that trick someone into believing they are on a different site than they really are. For example, one can replace an ASCII "a" in www.myfictionalbank.com with the Unicode look-alike "α" to give www.myfictionαlbank.com and point that IRI to a malicious site. This is known as an IDN homograph attack.
      While a URI does not provide people with a way to specify web resources using their own alphabets, an IRI does not make clear how web resources can be accessed with keyboards that are not capable of generating the requisite internationalized characters. This means that IRIs are now handled in a way very similar to many other software which might require the use of a non-keyboard input method when dealing with texts in various languages.


      See also


      IDN (Internationalized Domain Name)
      Semantic Web
      Punycode
      XRI (Extensible Resource Identifier)


      References




      External links


      RFC 3987: Proposed Standard of Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs)
      W3C Internationalization Activity
      IANA List of Registered URI Schemes
      Survey of use of IRIs in W3C Specs

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    Internationalized Resource Identifier - Wikipedia

    The Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is an internet protocol standard which builds on the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) protocol by greatly expanding the set of permitted characters. [1][2][3] It was defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 2005 in RFC 3987.

    RFC 3987: Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) - RFC Editor

    Abstract This document defines a new protocol element, the Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI), as a complement to the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). An IRI is a sequence of characters from the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646).

    Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs)

    This document defines the protocol element called Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI), which allows applications of URIs to be extended to use resource identifiers that have a much wider repertoire of characters. It also provides corresponding "internationalized" versions of other constructs from [RFC3986], such as URI references.

    Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) - World Wide Web ...

    Mar 7, 2011 · Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) are a new protocol element, a complement to URIs [RFC2396]. An IRI is a sequence of characters from the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO10646). There is a mapping from IRIs to URIs, which means that IRIs can be used instead of URIs where appropriate to identify resources.

    Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) - World Wide Web ...

    This document defines a new protocol element, the Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI), as a complement to the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). An IRI is a sequence of characters from the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646).

    Information on RFC 3987 - RFC Editor

    This document defines a new protocol element, the Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI), as a complement of the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). An IRI is a sequence of characters from the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646).

    Internationalized Resource Identifiers: - World Wide Web …

    Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) are equivalent to URIs except that they remove the limitation that only a subset of us-ascii can be used. Conversion between IRIs and URIs is based on the UTF-8 character encoding followed by %-escaping.

    Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) : M. Duerst : Free ...

    Jan 24, 2023 · This document defines a new protocol element, the Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI), as a complement of the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). An IRI is a sequence of characters from the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646).

    What is an IRI? (What does IRI mean?) - Oxford Semantic …

    IRI stands for Internationalized Resource Identifier. In the RDF space IRIs are used as “names”, or an equivalent of “IDs”, for graph nodes. IRIs used in popular ontologies look a lot like most URLs we are used to.

    Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs)

    Aug 14, 2011 · This document defines the protocol element called Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI), which allow applications of URIs to be extended to use resource identifiers that have a much wider repertoire of characters.