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      The Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora; Japanese: 文鳥, bunchō), also known as the Java finch, Java rice sparrow or Java rice bird, is a small passerine bird. This estrildid finch is a resident breeding bird in Java, Bali and Bawean in Indonesia. It is a popular cage bird, and has been introduced into many other countries.


      Taxonomy



      The Java sparrow was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Loxia oryzivora. The specific epithet combines Latin oryza meaning "rice" with -vorus meaning "eating". Linnaeus based his description on the "Padda or Rice-bird" that had been described and illustrated in 1743 by the English naturalist George Edwards in his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Edwards believed that his specimens had come from China but mentions the common name "Java sparrow". The species was reclassified to the genus Lonchura in 2020.


      Description


      The Java sparrow is about 15 to 17 cm (5.9 to 6.7 in) in length from the beak to its tip of tail feathers. Although only about the size of a house sparrow, it may be the largest species in the estrildid family. The mean body mass is 24.5 g (0.86 oz), making it slightly heavier than its nearest known rival, the black-bellied seedeater. The adult is unmistakable, with its grey upperparts and breast, pink belly, white-cheeked black head, red eye-ring, pink feet and thick red bill.
      Both sexes are similar. Immature birds have brown upperparts and pale brown underparts, and a plain head. Very young birds have a black beak with a pink base.
      The call is a chip, and the song is a rapid series of call notes chipchipchipchipchipchip.
      Java sparrows produce distinct trill-calls in different behavioral contexts, according to a study by Furutani et al. (2018). These trill-calls, though acoustically similar, vary based on their repetition rate, which changes depending on the situation. In aggressive interactions, the sparrows emit faster trill-calls with higher sound pressure levels and entropy. In contrast, during affiliative behaviors, the trill-calls are slower and softer. This variation in trill-calls plays a crucial role in the birds' social communication, helping them convey different intentions based on the context.


      Habitat


      The Java sparrow is a very gregarious bird which feeds mainly on grain and other seeds. It frequents open grassland and cultivation, and was formerly a pest in rice fields, hence its scientific name. The nest is constructed in a tree or building, and up to eight eggs are laid.


      Aviculture


      The Java sparrow has been a popular cage bird in Asia for centuries, first in China's Ming Dynasty and then in Japan from the 17th century, frequently appearing in Japanese paintings and prints. Meiji-era writer Natsume Sōseki wrote an essay about his pet Java sparrow. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Java sparrow was one of the most popular cage birds in the United States until its import was banned. Today it remains illegal to possess in California because of a perceived threat to agriculture, although rice-dependent Asian countries like China, Taiwan and Japan have not regulated the bird.
      In Asia the Java sparrow is most often raised almost from birth by human breeders and owners, and they become very tame and attached to humans. As such, they can be normally kept in relatively small cages, but let out for indoor exercise without their attempting to escape. In captivity, a variety of colourations have been bred, including white, silver/opal, fawn/isabel, pastel, cream and agate (which currently is rare within Europe captive specimens) along with the pied Java sparrow (called the sakura buncho in Japan).


      Introductions



      The Java sparrow was introduced in the Indian subcontinent, but it failed to become a successful resident on the Indian mainland. In the United States there are breeding populations on several of the Hawaiian Islands, especially Oahu.
      In the Caribbean, the Java sparrow was introduced to Puerto Rico where it is fairly common near San Juan. It has also been sighted in Jamaica, but is not known to occur on any of the other islands. It was also introduced to Christmas Island, off the coast of Western Australia.


      Threats


      The Java sparrow is considered by some countries to be an agricultural pest with respect to rice cultivation. An ongoing loss of natural habitat, hunting in some areas and trapping (as a pest) in others has led to much smaller numbers in the wild and sightings in its natural range have become increasingly uncommon. The Java sparrow is now evaluated as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with less than 10,000 individuals remaining. It is also listed on Appendix II of CITES. The species is also severely threatened by the illegal exotic pet trade as they are sought after for their distinctive song, according to TRAFFIC.


      References



      Finches and Sparrows by Clement, Harris and Davis, ISBN 0-7136-8017-2


      External links



      Species factsheet - BirdLife International
      Java Colours Archived 2013-02-12 at the Wayback Machine - about the colours of the Java sparrow
      Feathers of the Java sparrow Archived 2014-04-08 at archive.today - Ornithos – Birdwatching in Europe

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    Java Sparrow Facts, Pet Care, Temperament, Feeding, Pictures

    Java Sparrow Facts, Pet Care, Temperament, Feeding, Pictures

    Fact Sheet: Java Sparrows – The Avicultural Society of Australia

    Fact Sheet: Java Sparrows – The Avicultural Society of Australia

    Java Sparrow Facts, Pet Care, Temperament, Feeding, Pictures | Singing ...

    Java Sparrow Facts, Pet Care, Temperament, Feeding, Pictures | Singing ...

    Java Sparrow - eBird

    Java Sparrow - eBird

    Java Sparrow – birdfinding.info

    Java Sparrow – birdfinding.info

    Java Sparrow - eBird

    Java Sparrow - eBird

    Hawaiʻi Birding Trails | Java sparrow

    Hawaiʻi Birding Trails | Java sparrow

    BirdsEye Photography: Photography by Steven Mlodinow

    BirdsEye Photography: Photography by Steven Mlodinow

    Java Finch Bird Species Profile

    Java Finch Bird Species Profile

    Java Sparrow | atelier-yuwa.ciao.jp

    Java Sparrow | atelier-yuwa.ciao.jp

    Java Sparrow | atelier-yuwa.ciao.jp

    Java Sparrow | atelier-yuwa.ciao.jp

    Java Sparrow, Hawaii

    Java Sparrow, Hawaii

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    java sparrow

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    Java sparrow - Wikipedia

    The Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora; Japanese: 文鳥, bunchō), also known as the Java finch, Java rice sparrow or Java rice bird, is a small passerine bird. [3] This estrildid finch is a resident breeding bird in Java, Bali and Bawean in Indonesia. It is a popular cage bird, and has been introduced into many other countries.

    Java Sparrow Facts, Pet Care, Temperament, Feeding, Pictures

    The java sparrow, a small bird species of the estrildid finch family, originating from Asia, is commonly found in Bali, Bawean, and Java in Indonesia. Its popularity in aviculture has resulted in its introduction to several other countries.

    Java Finch — Full Profile, History, and Care - The Spruce Pets

    Mar 28, 2020 · Common Names: Java finch, Java rice finch, Java sparrow, Java temple bird, paddy bird. Scientific Name: Lonchura oryzivora or sometimes Padda oryzivora (Some scientists group the Java finch and the Timor sparrow together.) Adult Size: 5 to 6 …

    34 Java Sparrow, Java Finch Facts: Pet, Lifespan, Range

    The Java Sparrow, scientifically known as Lonchura oryzivora but also referred to as the Java Finch, Java Rice Sparrow, or Java Rice Bird, is a small passerine bird native to the Indonesian islands of Java, Bali, and Buan.

    Java Sparrow - eBird

    Native to the Indonesian islands of Java and Bali, where now quite rare. Introduced widely across the globe including India, Philippines, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, and the Hawaiian Islands.

    Java Sparrow - Facts, Diet, Habitat & Pictures on Animalia.bio

    Basic facts about Java Sparrow: lifespan, distribution and habitat map, lifestyle and social behavior, mating habits, diet and nutrition, population size and status.

    Java (Rice Bird) Sparrow - Padda oryzivora (Lonchura oryzivora)

    In the wild, the java sparrow is an open-country finch which is highly social and may flock with other species such as the spice finch. They build nests in holes and eaves of buildings, tree cavities, or in bushes and trees.

    Hawaiʻi Birding Trails | Java sparrow - Hawaii.gov

    Jul 7, 2020 · Java Sparrows are large, full-bodied finches measuring over 5 ½ inches long. They were first introduced to Hawaiʻi in the 1960s on Oʻahu and they spread to the other main Hawaiian Islands quickly thereafter. They feed primarily on seeds and insects.

    Java sparrow | Endangered, Wild, Pet | Britannica

    Java sparrow, (Padda oryzivora), bird of the mannikin group in the family Estrildidae (order Passeriformes). One of the best-known cage birds, it is an attractive pet that chirps and trills. Native to Java and Bali, it has become established in …

    Java Jewel: Exploring the Enigmatic World of the Java Sparrow

    Mar 3, 2024 · The Java Sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora) is a charming and iconic bird species native to the Indonesian islands of Java, Bali, and Madura. Renowned for its striking black and white plumage and friendly nature, the Java Sparrow has captured the fascination of …