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- Chain "jumping" every few crank rotations - Bicycles Stack …
- Why does my chain keep jumping off the front chainring on my 1x9?
- Gears jumping/slipping from the rear cogset on a new bike
- Chain skipping when pedaling hard - Bicycles Stack Exchange
- chain - Why does my rear cassette feel like it's jumping when I put ...
- Chain jumping, unsure why - Bicycles Stack Exchange
- mountain bike - How to jump curbs? - Bicycles Stack Exchange
- Why does my gear slip when going uphill / standing?
- Gears slipping after a chain change - Bicycles Stack Exchange
- skipping - When I am pedaling harder on a slope, the chain …
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Jumping or leaping is a form of locomotion or movement in which an organism or non-living (e.g., robotic) mechanical system propels itself through the air along a ballistic trajectory. Jumping can be distinguished from running, galloping and other gaits where the entire body is temporarily airborne, by the relatively long duration of the aerial phase and high angle of initial launch.
Some animals, such as the kangaroo, employ jumping (commonly called hopping in this instance) as their primary form of an locomotion, while others, such as frogs, use it only as a means to escape predators. Jumping is also a key feature of various activities and sports, including the long jump, high jump and show jumping.
Physics
All jumping involves the application of force against a substrate, which in turn generates a reactive force that propels the jumper away from the substrate. Any solid or liquid capable of producing an opposing force can serve as a substrate, including ground or water. Examples of the latter include dolphins performing traveling jumps, and Indian skitter frogs executing standing jumps from water.
Jumping organisms are rarely subject to significant aerodynamic forces and, as a result, their jumps are governed by the basic physical laws of ballistic trajectories. Consequently, while a bird may jump into the air to initiate flight, no movement it performs once airborne is considered jumping, as the initial jump conditions no longer dictate its flight path.
Following the moment of launch (i.e., initial loss of contact with the substrate), a jumper will traverse a parabolic path. The launch angle and initial launch velocity determine the travel distance, duration, and height of the jump. The maximum possible horizontal travel distance for a projectile occurs at a launch angle of 45°, but any launch angle between 35° and 55° will result in ninety percent of the maximum possible distance. However, the jump angle for humans which maximizes horizontal distance travelled is lower at ~23-26° (see section Standing long jump mechanics below).
Muscles (or other actuators in non-living systems) do physical work, adding kinetic energy to the jumper's body over the course of a jump's propulsive phase. This results in a kinetic energy at launch that is proportional to the square of the jumper's speed. The more work the muscles do, the greater the launch velocity and thus the greater the acceleration and the shorter the time interval of the jump's propulsive phase.
Mechanical power (work per unit time) and the distance over which that power is applied (e.g., leg length) are the key determinants of jump distance and height. As a result, many jumping animals have long legs and muscles that are optimized for maximal power according to the force-velocity relationship of muscles. The maximum power output of muscles is limited, however. To circumvent this limitation, many jumping species slowly pre-stretch elastic elements, such as tendons or apodemes, to store work as strain energy. Such elastic elements can release energy at a much higher rate (higher power) than equivalent muscle mass, thus increasing launch energy to levels beyond what muscle alone is capable of.
A jumper may be either stationary or moving when initiating a jump. In a jump from stationary (i.e., a standing jump), all of the work required to accelerate the body through launch is done in a single movement. In a moving jump or running jump, the jumper introduces additional vertical velocity at launch while conserving as much horizontal momentum as possible. Unlike stationary jumps, in which the jumper's kinetic energy at launch is solely due to the jump movement, moving jumps have a higher energy that results from the inclusion of the horizontal velocity preceding the jump. Consequently, jumpers are able to jump greater distances when starting from a run.
Anatomy
Animals use a wide variety of anatomical adaptations for jumping. These adaptations are exclusively concerned with the launch, as any post-launch method of extending range or controlling the jump must use aerodynamic forces, and thus is considered gliding or parachuting.
Aquatic species rarely display any particular specializations for jumping. Those that are good jumpers usually are primarily adapted for speed, and execute moving jumps by simply swimming to the surface at a high velocity. A few primarily aquatic species that can jump while on land, such as mud skippers, do so via a flick of the tail.
= Limb morphology
=In terrestrial animals, the primary propulsive structure is the legs, though a few species use their tails. Typical characteristics of jumping species include long legs, large leg muscles, and additional limb elements.
Long legs increase the time and distance over which a jumping animal can push against the substrate, thus allowing more power and faster, farther jumps. Large leg muscles can generate greater force, resulting in improved jumping performance. In addition to elongated leg elements, many jumping animals have modified foot and ankle bones that are elongated and possess additional joints, effectively adding more segments to the limb and even more length.
Frogs are an excellent example of all three trends: frog legs can be nearly twice the body length, leg muscles may account for up to twenty percent of body weight, and they have not only lengthened the foot, shin and thigh, but extended the ankle bones into another limb joint and similarly extended the hip bones and gained mobility at the sacrum for a second 'extra joint'. As a result, frogs are the undisputed champion jumpers of vertebrates, leaping over fifty body lengths, a distance of more than eight feet.
= Power amplification through stored energy
=Grasshoppers use elastic energy storage to increase jumping distance. Although power output is a principal determinant of jump distance (as noted above), physiological constraints limit muscle power to approximately 375 Watts per kilogram of muscle. To overcome this limitation, grasshoppers anchor their legs via an internal "catch mechanism" while their muscles stretch an elastic apodeme (similar to a vertebrate tendon). When the catch is released, the apodeme rapidly releases its energy. Because the apodeme releases energy more quickly than muscle, its power output exceeds that of the muscle that produced the energy.
This is analogous to a human throwing an arrow by hand versus using a bow; the use of elastic storage (the bow) allows the muscles to operate closer to isometric on the force-velocity curve. This enables the muscles to do work over a longer time and thus produce more energy than they otherwise could, while the elastic element releases that work faster than the muscles can. The use of elastic energy storage has been found in jumping mammals as well as in frogs, with commensurate increases in power ranging from two to seven times that of equivalent muscle mass.
Classification
One way to classify jumping is by the manner of foot transfer. In this classification system, five basic jump forms are distinguished:
Jump – jumping from and landing on two feet
Hop – jumping from one foot and landing on the same foot
Leap – jumping from one foot and landing on the other foot
Assemblé – jumping from one foot and landing on two feet
Sissonne – jumping from two feet and landing on one foot
Leaping gaits, which are distinct from running gaits (see Locomotion), include cantering, galloping, and stotting or pronging. Some sources also distinguish bounding as a cyclical motion of repeated jumps, used to maintain energy from one jump to the next.
Standing long jump mechanics
The optimal take off angle for a standing long jump (performed by a human) has been theoretically calculated to be ~22.6°, substantially lower than the optimal take off angle for a projectile (i.e. 45°). This is due to take-off speed decreasing with take-off angle due to the jumper's body configuration. It has been shown that experienced parkour athletes use a take off angle of ~25.6°, whereas beginner traceurs use an angle of ~ 34°. Experienced athletes also swing their arms to a greater extent and rock backwards before taking off. These factors help parkour athletes to carry out longer standing long jumps than beginners.
The (official) male standing long jump world record is 371 cm, and the female record is 292 cm (both as of June 2023). These were achieved by Arne Tvervaag and Annelin Mannes respectively. Standing long jump distances range between 146.2 cm and 219.8 cm (10th to 90th percentile) for 18-year-old men, and between 100 cm and 157 cm for 18-year-old women.
Height-enhancing devices and techniques
The height of a jump may be increased by using a trampoline or by converting horizontal velocity into vertical velocity with the aid of a device such as a half pipe.
Various exercises can be used to increase an athlete's vertical jumping height. One category of such exercises—plyometrics—employs repetition of discrete jumping-related movements to increase speed, agility, and power.
It has been shown in research that children who are more physically active display more proficient jumping (along with other basic motor skill) patterns.
It is also noted that jumping development in children has a direct relationship with age. As children grow older, it is seen that their jumping abilities in all forms also increase. Jumping development is more easily identifiable in children rather than adults due to the fact that there are less physical differences at a younger age. Adults of the same age may be vastly different in terms of physicality and athleticism making it difficult to see how age affects jumping ability.
In 2021, researchers incorporated ratchets into a robot design and created a robot capable of jumping over thirty meters vertically.
See also
List of jumping activities
References
External links
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Daftar Isi
Chain "jumping" every few crank rotations - Bicycles Stack …
Feb 14, 2021 · Chain "jumping" every few crank rotations. Ask Question Asked 4 years ago. Modified 3 years, 11 months ago.
Why does my chain keep jumping off the front chainring on my 1x9?
Aug 22, 2012 · Another cheaper and easier solution is to get a chain watcher. There are several types and brands such as N-stop, K-edge, Paul Components. This will sit on the inside and/or over the top of your chain on the front chainring which will help prevent the chain from jumping off the front ring. They are used widely in the cyclocross world to prevent ...
Gears jumping/slipping from the rear cogset on a new bike
Jun 5, 2014 · Its been 1 month since I have bought my new MTB (Kross globate 1.1) with 18 gears (shimano).. Now the problem is chain has slipped twice while riding. First time my speed was around 25kph and secon...
Chain skipping when pedaling hard - Bicycles Stack Exchange
Nov 22, 2024 · The bike is a KTM ultra Flite from 2010 with 9-speed cassette Shimano HG50, rear derailleur Shimano Deore XT Shadow and front derailleur Shimano Deore with 3 speeds. Some weeks ago I started to have the problem that when applying a lot of power to the pedals, the chain was slipping (not jumping to another gear but just slipping).
chain - Why does my rear cassette feel like it's jumping when I put ...
After putting everything back on I indexed the gears - finally getting the hang of the front but first time indexing the rear derailleur. It all felt fine on the stand, but when I go uphill with the rear gears on the lowest cog (6), when the pressure is on the pedals I get a weird jumping, clunking thing keep happening.
Chain jumping, unsure why - Bicycles Stack Exchange
Aug 27, 2019 · There are a few reasons that might cause the jumping of chains. Chain or sprocket is worn out (Buy new ones). The derailleur is misaligned (Needs adjustment). The wheels are not fitted properly making it a bit slanted (clean the crevices and fit the wheel properly). Check all of these and comment back if all are good.
mountain bike - How to jump curbs? - Bicycles Stack Exchange
Great, I am already jumping small (30cm) holes, but am still scared to jump obstacles, that rise above the level. Maybe a cartoon box will be a nice start. I am afraid of hitting the rim of the curb with the rear tire, with all my weight over it, and ruining the tube and the rim. –
Why does my gear slip when going uphill / standing?
Feb 2, 2012 · As an addendum to other answers, this was happening to me (not ghost shifting but the chain jumping forward). This started on a new chain, so I changed the cassette. It still happened. A test ride demonstrated that it only jumped in the middle chainring (by far the most used) even though it didn't look much more worn than the other rings.
Gears slipping after a chain change - Bicycles Stack Exchange
Jun 4, 2020 · If an old chain is jumping in all sprockets , it can only be the chain. (Sprockets dont wear at the same rate. I reckon it will be an incorrect new chain. My new kmc is too wide for my cassette. It does not bed down! Even though both cassette and chain are both nine speed and new. Very frustrating.
skipping - When I am pedaling harder on a slope, the chain …
Apr 21, 2024 · This is an easy fix albeit I will caution you, what I refer to as 'chain jumping' is one of the more dangerous scenarios when riding a bicycle. Each time it jumps, from pushing hard on the pedal, the worse it becomes. For the moderator, my experience comes from building over 400 bicycles, 2/3 of these vintage mountain bike conversions to road bike.