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    • Source: Kallawaya language

      • Kallawaya, also Callahuaya or Callawalla (Callawalla: Machaj Juyai, meaning 'folk language'), is an endangered, secret, mixed language in Bolivia; another name sometimes used for the language is Pohena. It is spoken by the Kallawaya people, a group of traditional itinerant healers in the Andes in their medicinal healing practice living in Charazani, the highlands north of Lake Titicaca, and Tipuani.


      Characteristics


      Kallawaya is a mixed language. The grammar is partially Quechua in morphology, but most of its words are from either unknown sources or from an otherwise extinct language family, Pukina. Pukina was abandoned in favor of Quechua, Aymara, and Spanish.
      Kallawaya is also a secret language, passed only by father to son, or grandfather to grandson, or rarely, to daughters if a practitioner has no sons. It is not used in normal family dialogue. Although its use is primarily ritual, used secretly for initiated men, Kallawaya may be a part of everyday conversation between those familiar with it.
      Kallawaya was one of the subjects of Ironbound Films' 2008 American documentary film The Linguists, in which two linguists attempted to document several moribund languages.
      Bolivians refer to the region where the speakers live as "Qollahuayas," meaning "place of the medicines", because the Kallawaya are renowned herbalists. Since they treat or cure with plants, minerals, animal products, and rituals, peasants refer to the speakers as "Qolla kapachayuh", meaning "lords of the medicine bag".


      Phonology




      = Consonants

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      = Vowels

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      References




      Further reading




      External links


      Kallawaya language project and photos of language speakers
      Other ways to spell Kallawaya

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    Kallawaya language - Wikipedia

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    Kallawaya Language Project | Living Tongues Institute for …

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    Kallawaya - Wikipedia

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    Kallawaya Language and the Kallawaya Indian Tribe (Kallawalla ...

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    The Secrets of Machaj Juyai-Kallawaya - UNESCO

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    The Kallawaya Language of Bolivia - Ancient Digger

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    Kallawaya language - Wikiwand

    Kallawaya, also Callahuaya or Callawalla, is an endangered, secret, mixed language in Bolivia; another name sometimes used for the language is Pohena. It is spoken by the Kallawaya …

    Kallawaya | Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages

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    The formation of the Kallawaya language | Semantic Scholar

    25 Nov 2019 · The parental languages of Kallawaya are Southern Quechua (Quechua IIC), which provided the grammar, and now-extinct Pukina, which presumably supplied the lexicon. I …