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      Keychain is a password management system developed by Apple for macOS. It was introduced with Mac OS 8.6, and was included in all subsequent versions of the operating system, as well as in iOS. A keychain can contain various types of data: passwords (for websites, FTP servers, SSH accounts, network shares, wireless networks, groupware applications, encrypted disk images), private keys, certificates, and secure notes. Some data, primarily passwords, in the Keychain are visible and editable using a user-friendly interface in Passwords, a built in app in macOS Sequoia and iOS 18 and available in System Settings/Settings in earlier versions of Apple's operating systems.


      History


      Keychains were initially developed for Apple's e-mail system, PowerTalk, in the early 1990s. Among its many features, PowerTalk used plug-ins that allowed mail to be retrieved from a wide variety of mail servers and online services. The keychain concept naturally "fell out" of this code, and was used in PowerTalk to manage all of a user's various login credentials for the various e-mail systems PowerTalk could connect to.
      The passwords were not easily retrievable due to the encryption, yet the simplicity of the interface allowed the user to select a different password for every system without fear of forgetting them, as a single password would open the file and return them all. At the time, implementations of this concept were not available on other platforms. Keychain was one of the few parts of PowerTalk that was obviously useful "on its own", which suggested it should be promoted to become a part of the basic Mac OS. But due to internal politics, it was kept inside the PowerTalk system and, therefore, available to very few Mac users.
      It was not until the return of Steve Jobs in 1997 that Keychain concept was revived from the now-discontinued PowerTalk. By this point in time the concept was no longer so unusual, but it was still rare to see a keychain system that was not associated with a particular piece of application software, typically a web browser. Keychain was later made a standard part of Mac OS 9, and was included in Mac OS X in the first commercial versions.


      Storage and access


      In macOS, keychain files are stored in ~/Library/Keychains/ (and subdirectories), /Library/Keychains/, and /Network/Library/Keychains/, and the Keychain Access GUI application is located in the Utilities folder in the Applications folder. It is free, open source software released under the terms of the APSL-2.0. The command line equivalent of Keychain Access is /usr/bin/security.
      The keychain database is encrypted per-table and per-row with AES-256-GCM. The time at which each credential is decrypted, how long it will remain decrypted, and whether the encrypted credential will be synced to iCloud varies depending on the type of data stored, and is documented on the Apple support website.


      Locking and unlocking


      The default keychain file is the login keychain, typically unlocked on login by the user's login password, although the password for this keychain can instead be different from a user's login password, adding security at the expense of some convenience. The Keychain Access application does not permit setting an empty password on a keychain.
      The keychain may be set to be automatically "locked" if the computer has been idle for a time, and can be locked manually from the Keychain Access application. When locked, the password has to be re-entered next time the keychain is accessed, to unlock it. Overwriting the file in ~/Library/Keychains/ with a new one (e.g. as part of a restore operation) also causes the keychain to lock and a password is required at next access.


      Password synchronization


      If the login keychain is protected by the login password, then the keychain's password will be changed whenever the login password is changed from within a logged-in session on macOS. On a shared Mac/non-Mac network, it is possible for the login keychain's password to lose synchronization if the user's login password is changed from a non-Mac system. Also, if the password is changed from a directory service like Active Directory or Open Directory, or if the password is changed from another admin account e.g. using the System Preferences. Some network administrators react to this by deleting the keychain file on logout, so that a new one will be created next time the user logs in. This means keychain passwords will not be remembered from one session to the next, even if the login password has not been changed. If this happens, the user can restore the keychain file in ~/Library/Keychains/ from a backup, but doing so will lock the keychain, which will then need to be unlocked at next use.


      Third-party software for keychain synchronization


      There was a 3rd party software application developed, that enabled synchronization of personal keychains generated using keychain access in Mac OS X, these standard keychain access - generated users keychains could then be synchronised between devices (iPhones - desktop Apple computers), using a pair of keychain synchronization apps developed by Patrick Stein of Jinx Software, one for Mac OS X and another for iOS called Keychain2Go. Keychain2Go could not be successfully updated by the developer to account for restrictions that Apple made to Keychain and access to Keychain in Mac OS X Sierra 10.12.


      Security


      Keychain is distributed with both iOS and macOS. The iOS version is simpler because applications that run on mobile devices typically need only very basic Keychain features. For example, features such as ACLs (Access Control Lists) and sharing Keychain items between different apps are not present. Thus, iOS Keychain items are only accessible to the app that created them.
      As Mac users’ default storage for sensitive information, Keychain is a prime target for security attacks.
      In 2019, 18-year-old German security researcher Linus Henze demonstrated his hack, dubbed KeySteal, that grabs passwords from the Keychain. Initially, he withheld details of the hack, demanding Apple set up a bug bounty for macOS. Apple had however not done so when Henze subsequently revealed the hack. It utilized Safari's access to security services, disguised as a utility in macOS that enables IT administrators to manipulate keychains.


      See also



      List of password managers
      Password manager
      Cryptography


      References

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    Keychain (software) - Wikipedia

    Keychain is a password management system developed by Apple for macOS. It was introduced with Mac OS 8.6, and was included in all subsequent versions of the operating system, as well as in iOS.

    What is Keychain Access on Mac? - Apple Support

    You can use Keychain Access to manage certificates, which are issued by trusted organizations to validate websites, digital documents, and other web-based materials. Tip: You can find all your passwords, passkeys, and verification codes in the Passwords app on your Mac.

    How to use iCloud Keychain, Apple's built-in and free ... - AppleInsider

    Dec 29, 2021 · Your iPhone, iPad, and Mac all have a free password manager made by Apple called iCloud Keychain. Here's how to use it, set up two-factor authentication, and never have to remember a password...

    iCloud Keychain review: How good is Apple’s password manager? - Macworld

    Apr 30, 2024 · Software & Features. Built into macOS, iOS and iPadOS; Auto-fills passwords; No dedicated app

    How to use Keychain Access to view and manage passwords on ... - Macworld

    Nov 18, 2021 · With Keychain Access, you can review, change, delete, and create passwords for your online accounts and examine security keys and certificates and add password-protected notes.

    Windows equivalent of OS X Keychain? - Stack Overflow

    Is there an equivalent of the OS X Keychain, used to store user passwords, in Windows? I would use it to save the user's password for a web service that my (desktop) software uses.

    Keychain Access User Guide for Mac - Apple Support

    You can use Keychain Access on your Mac to keep track of keys, certificates, and other sensitive information in a keychain.

    OpenKeychain · OpenKeychain

    OpenKeychain is based on the well established OpenPGP standard making encryption compatible across your devices and systems. For a list of compatible software for Windows, Mac OS, and other operating systems consult openpgp.org/software/. Modern encryption is …

    How to manage passwords with Keychain Access - Macworld

    Nov 15, 2012 · Curious to know how you can better manage your passwords? Chris Breen provides tips and tricks for getting the most from OS X's Keychain Access.

    GPG Suite

    Use GPG Suite to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files or messages. Manage your GPG Keychain with a few simple clicks and experience the full power of GPG easier than ever before.