- Kelompok Filogeni Angiospermae
- List of basal superasterid families
- List of basal eudicot families
- List of malvid families
- List of basal asterid families
- Amaranthaceae
- List of superrosids of Great Britain and Ireland
- List of commelinid families
- Rosaceae
- List of alismatid families
- List of early-diverging flowering plant families
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List of basal superasterid families GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21
The basal superasterids are three orders of flowering plants – Caryophyllales, Santalales and Berberidopsidales – that belong to the superasterids. They include 47 families of woody and non-woody plants, cactuses and other succulents, and plants that grow in soil, in water and on other plants.
The spinach family includes sugar beets, which account for a fifth of the world's sugar consumption. Opuntia ficus-indica, a prickly pear species, is the most common food crop of the cactuses. Carnations are cultivated for their oils and for the cut-flower trade. Sundews, Venus flytraps and the aquatic Aldrovanda all have leaves that surround, trap and digest insects and other small animals. Nepenthes catches its prey with slippery pitchers of water and digestive juices. The garden ornamental Lewisia can survive two-year droughts. Jojoba oil, widely used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, is similar to the oils produced by human skin glands.
Glossary
From the glossary of botanical terms:
annual: a plant species that completes its life cycle within a single year or growing season
basal: attached close to the base (of a plant or an evolutionary tree diagram)
climber: a vine that leans on, twines around or clings to other plants for vertical support
herbaceous: not woody; usually green and soft in texture
perennial: not an annual or biennial
scale: a reduced leaf or a flattened outgrowth
succulent (adjective): juicy or fleshy
unisexual: of one sex; bearing only male or only female reproductive organs
woody: hard and lignified; not herbaceous
The APG IV system is the fourth in a series of plant taxonomies from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. In this system, the superasterids (named for the asters) account for more than a third of all flowering plant species. Caryophyllales, Santalales and Berberidopsidales are basal within the superasterids. Caryophyllales species characteristically have perisperm (a source of nutrition for the embryo), campylotropous (rotated) ovules, and roots that lack symbiotic fungal relationships. The small order Berberidopsidales (just four species) may be the earliest-diverging superasterid order. In Santalales, an order of parasitic plants, the relationships between the families are not completely understood.
Families
See also
List of plant family names with etymologies
Notes
Citations
References
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
Barthlott, W.; Hunt, D. R. (1993). "Cactaceae". In Kubitzki, K.; Rohwer, J. G.; Bittrich, V. (eds.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families. Vol. II. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 161, 168. ISBN 3-540-55509-9.
Bayton, Ross (2020). The Gardener's Botanical: An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-20017-0.
Bittrich, V. (1993). "Introduction to Centrospermae, Achatocarpaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Halophytaceae". In Kubitzki, K.; Rohwer, J. G.; Bittrich, V. (eds.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families. Vol. II. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 13, 35, 36, 206, 216, 320. ISBN 3-540-55509-9.
Bittrich, V.; Kühn, U. (1993). "Nyctaginaceae". In Kubitzki, K.; Rohwer, J. G.; Bittrich, V. (eds.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families. Vol. II. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 473, 478. ISBN 3-540-55509-9.
Brandbyge, J. (1993). "Polygonaceae". In Kubitzki, K.; Rohwer, J. G.; Bittrich, V. (eds.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families. Vol. II. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 531, 534. ISBN 3-540-55509-9.
Bremer, Kåre; Friis, Elsemarie; Bremer, Birgitta (June 1, 2004). "Molecular Phylogenetic Dating of Asterid Flowering Plants Shows Early Cretaceous Diversification". Systematic Biology. 53 (3): 496–505. doi:10.1080/10635150490445913. PMID 15503676.
Burkhardt, Lotte (2018). Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition [Index of Eponymic Plant Names – Extended Edition] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2018. ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5. S2CID 187926901. Retrieved January 1, 2021. See the Creative Commons license.
Carolin, R. C. (1993). "Portulacaceae". In Kubitzki, K.; Rohwer, J. G.; Bittrich, V. (eds.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families. Vol. II. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 544, 550. ISBN 3-540-55509-9.
Christenhusz, Maarten; Fay, Michael Francis; Chase, Mark Wayne (2017). Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. Chicago, Illinois: Kew Publishing and The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0.
Coombes, Allen J. (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-196-2.
Endress, M. E.; Bittrich, V. (1993). "Molluginaceae". In Kubitzki, K.; Rohwer, J. G.; Bittrich, V. (eds.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families. Vol. II. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 419, 423. ISBN 3-540-55509-9.
Hartmann, H. E. K. (1993). "Aizoaceae". In Kubitzki, K.; Rohwer, J. G.; Bittrich, V. (eds.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families. Vol. II. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 37, 43. ISBN 3-540-55509-9.
IPNI (2022). "International Plant Names Index". London, Boston and Canberra: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; and the Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
Kubitzki, K. (1993). "Didiereaceae, Plumbaginaceae". In Kubitzki, K.; Rohwer, J. G.; Bittrich, V. (eds.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families. Vol. II. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 292, 294, 523, 526. ISBN 3-540-55509-9.
POWO (2019). "Plants of the World Online". London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved January 1, 2023. See their terms-of-use license.
Quattrocchi, Umberto (2019) [2000]. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume III, M–Q. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-367-44751-9.
Rohwer, J. G. (1993). "Phytolaccaceae, Stegnospermataceae". In Kubitzki, K.; Rohwer, J. G.; Bittrich, V. (eds.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families. Vol. II. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 506, 511, 592, 593. ISBN 3-540-55509-9.
Sperling, C. R.; Bittrich, V. (1993). "Basellaceae". In Kubitzki, K.; Rohwer, J. G.; Bittrich, V. (eds.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families. Vol. II. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 143, 145. ISBN 3-540-55509-9.
Stearn, William (2002). Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-36469-5.
Stevens, P.F. (2023) [2001]. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
Townsend, C. C. (1993). "Amaranthaceae". In Kubitzki, K.; Rohwer, J. G.; Bittrich, V. (eds.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families. Vol. II. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 70, 75. ISBN 3-540-55509-9.
Turland, N. J.; et al. (eds.). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 (electronic ed.). Glashütten: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
"USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). Beltsville, Maryland: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. 2022. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
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List of basal superasterid families - Wikipedia
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