Outline of computer programming GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21

      The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computer programming:
      Computer programming – process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs. Programming involves activities such as analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption, and implementation (commonly referred to as coding) of algorithms in a target programming language. Source code is written in one or more programming languages. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate performing a specific task or solving a given problem.


      History


      History of computer science
      History of computing hardware
      History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
      History of programming languages
      Timeline of programming languages
      Computer programming in the punched card era
      Operating systems timeline


      Platforms



      Computer
      Computer hardware
      Analog computer
      Analytical Engine
      Digital computer
      Vacuum-tube computer
      List of vacuum-tube computers
      Transistor computer
      List of transistorized computers
      Mainframe
      Minicomputer
      Microcomputer
      Home computers
      IBM PC compatible
      Personal computer
      Desktop computer
      Laptop computer
      Mobile computer
      Personal digital assistant (PDA)
      Smartphone
      Tablet computer
      Wearable computer
      Server
      Supercomputer
      Virtual machine
      Hardware virtualization
      Runtime system


      Paradigms



      Agent-oriented
      Aspect-oriented
      Automata-based
      Class-based
      Concatenative
      Concept
      Concurrent
      Data-driven
      Declarative (as opposed to imperative programming)
      Constraint
      Constraint logic
      Concurrent constraint logic
      Dataflow
      Flow-based (FBP)
      Reactive
      Functional
      Functional logic
      Purely functional
      Logic
      Abductive logic
      Answer set
      Concurrent logic
      Functional logic
      Inductive logic
      Probabilistic logic
      Event-driven
      Time-driven
      Expression-oriented
      Feature-oriented
      Function-level (as opposed to value-level programming)
      Generic
      Imperative (as opposed to declarative programming)
      Literate
      Procedural
      Inductive programming
      Language-oriented (LOP)
      Natural language programming
      Intentional
      Non-structured (as opposed to Structured)
      Array
      Nondeterministic
      Probabilistic
      Process-oriented
      Role-oriented
      Semantic-oriented (SOP)
      Structured (as opposed to non-structured programming)
      Block-structured
      Modular
      Concurrent computing
      Relativistic programming
      Object-oriented (OOP)
      Class-based
      Concurrent OOP
      Prototype-based
      Subject-oriented
      Tacit
      Value-level (as opposed to function-level programming)
      Visual


      Writing programs


      Pseudocode


      = Methodology

      =

      Array programming
      End-user development
      Metaprogramming
      Automatic programming
      Reflection
      Attribute-oriented programming (AOP)
      Homoiconicity
      Template metaprogramming
      Policy-based design
      Service-oriented architecture
      Service-oriented modeling
      Recursion
      Separation of concerns
      Threaded coding


      Algorithms



      List of algorithms
      List of algorithm general topics
      Algorithm characterizations
      Introduction to Algorithms
      Theory of computation
      Computational complexity theory
      Analysis of algorithms
      Empirical algorithmics
      Big O notation
      Algorithmic efficiency
      Algorithmic information theory
      Algorithmic probability
      Algorithmically random sequence
      Search algorithm
      Sorting algorithm
      Merge algorithm
      String algorithms
      Greedy algorithm
      Reduction
      Sequential algorithm
      Parallel algorithm
      Distributed algorithm
      Deterministic algorithm
      Randomized algorithm
      Quantum algorithm


      Programming languages


      Programming language – formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.

      Generational list of programming languages
      List of programming languages by type
      Alphabetical list of programming languages
      Compiled language
      Interpreted language
      Scripting language
      Comparison of programming languages
      Programming language dialect
      Programming language theory
      Formal semantics of programming languages
      Assembly language
      Macro


      = Attributes of programming languages

      =
      Domain-specific language
      Dynamic programming language
      Esoteric programming language
      Extensible programming language
      High-level programming language
      Interpreted language
      Low-level programming language
      Machine programming language
      Multi-paradigm programming language
      Non-English-based programming language
      Object-based language
      Off-side rule programming language
      Reflective programming language
      Synchronous programming language
      Very high-level programming language


      = Popular languages

      =
      The top 20 most popular programming languages as of December 2022:

      Python
      C
      C++
      Java
      C#
      Visual Basic .NET
      JavaScript
      SQL
      Assembly language
      PHP
      R
      Go
      Classic Visual Basic
      MATLAB
      Swift
      Delphi/Object Pascal
      Ruby
      Perl
      Objective-C
      Rust


      = Anatomy of a programming language

      =
      Syntax
      Lexical grammar
      Semicolons
      Values
      Types
      Operators
      Program structures
      Variables
      Expressions
      Statements
      Keywords and reserved words
      Control structures
      Subroutines (also known as functions)
      Anonymous functions
      Loops
      For loops
      While loops
      Conditionals
      If-then
      If-then-else
      Case and switch statements
      Control flow
      Data structures
      Objects
      Arrays
      Regular expressions


      = Comparisons of programming languages

      =
      Programming language comparisons

      General comparison
      Basic syntax
      Basic instructions
      Exception handling
      Enumerated types
      Anonymous functions
      Conditional expressions
      Functional instructions
      Arrays
      Associative arrays
      String operations
      String functions
      List comprehension
      Object-oriented programming
      Object-oriented constructors
      While loops
      For loops
      Evaluation strategy
      List of "Hello World" programs
      Languages with dependent types
      Comparison of type systems


      Comparisons of individual languages


      ALGOL 58's influence on ALGOL 60
      ALGOL 60: Comparisons with other languages
      ALGOL 68: Comparisons with other languages
      Compatibility of C and C++
      Comparison of Pascal and Borland Delphi
      Comparison of Object Pascal and C
      Comparison of Pascal and C
      Comparison of Java and C++
      Comparison of C# and Java
      Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET
      Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET


      Compilation



      Programmer
      Source code
      Parsing
      Compilation
      Preprocessing
      Translation
      Assembly
      Linking
      Compiler optimization
      Compilation error


      Software



      Computer program
      Hello world (a common form of example program for learning programmers)
      Application software
      Software suite
      Database management system
      Programming software
      Programming tool
      Text editor
      Source code editor
      Integrated development environment (IDE)
      Assembler
      Compiler
      Interpreter
      Linker
      Debugger
      System software


      = Components

      =
      Instruction
      Library
      Application programming interface (API)


      = Software development

      =
      Software development
      Software development process
      Debugging
      Human error
      Software development methodology
      Agile software development
      Extreme programming


      = Software engineering

      =
      Software engineering –

      Implementation
      Execution
      Software architecture
      Software reliability
      Software quality
      Software testing
      Software maintenance
      Software optimization
      Software brittleness


      See also


      Outline of computers
      Outline of computing
      Outline of computer science
      Outline of artificial intelligence
      Outline of cryptography
      Outline of the Internet
      Outline of Google
      Outline of software
      Types of software
      Outline of free software
      Outline of search engines
      Outline of software development
      Outline of software engineering
      Outline of web design and web development
      Outline of computer programming
      Programming languages
      Outline of C++
      Outline of Perl


      References




      External links



      How to Think Like a Computer Scientist - by Jeffrey Elkner, Allen B. Downey and Chris Meyers

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