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    Kayan, also known as, Padaung or Padaung Karen) is a Karen language of Burma, spoken by the Kayan people. The Kayan dialects share more than 90% lexical similarity. Padaung is 71% to 76% lexically similar to Lahta.


    Distribution


    Pekhon, southern Shan State
    northwestern Kayah State
    Thandaung township, Kayin State
    Pyinmana township, Mandalay Region
    Kayan Lahwi dialect: Lahwi and northwest Dimawso, Kayah State; southern Pekhon, southern Shan State
    Kayan Yinbaw/Kangan dialect: Dimawso area, northwestern Kayah State


    Internal classification


    The Kayan languages are spoken in Kayah State, southern Shan State, and northern Karen State. There are four branches according to Shintani (2016), namely:

    Kangan ("lowland dwellers")
    Kakhaung ("highland dwellers")
    Lawi ("South")
    Latha ("North")
    Nangki (sometimes called Langki), documented in Shintani (2016), is one of the Kayan languages belonging to the Kakhaung subgroup. It is spoken only in one village.
    Pekong Kayan is documented in Manson (2010).
    Sonkan Kayan and Dosanbu Kayan are documented in Shintani (2018a, b). Shintani has also documented:by families or by villages as below:

    Phulon Kayan
    Lagu Kayan
    Totan Kayan
    Dokhoncon Kayan
    Natwei Kayan
    Pimon Kayan
    Sonplao Kayan
    Dolan Kayan
    Thaoku Kayan
    Diklon Kayan
    Pulon Kayan
    Kabla Kayan
    Kathan Kayan
    Kalondei Kayan
    Ramaku, Subao, Kadu, Huason, Hanti, Sonpu Kayan (Shintani 2022)
    Dimawso Kayan, a Kayan variety spoken in Wanbanbalo village, Dimawso township, Kayah State, Myanmar, is described in Lew (2018).
    Ethnologue lists Padaung (Kayan) dialects as:

    Standard Pekon (prestige dialect)
    Kayan Lahwi
    Kayan Kangan (Yeinbaw, Yinbaw)


    Phonology




    = Consonants

    =

    Voiced stops /b, d/ can also range to pre-glottalized stops [ʔb, ʔd] in free variation among speakers.
    /θ/ shows fluctuation to [s] in some closely related dialects.
    /ɾ/ is heard as a glide [ɹ] in syllable-medial position. It is heard as a tap [ɾ] elsewhere.


    = Vowels

    =

    Sounds /ɨ, a, ə, u/ phonetically range to [ɨ̠, a̟, ɤ̟, ʊ] in free variation.
    Breathiness [V̤] is also evenly distributed among all sounds.


    References



    Shintani, Tadahiko. 2020. A handbook of comparative Kayan languages. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA). Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
    Aung, Wai Lin. 2013. A Descriptive Grammar of Kayah Monu. Master’s thesis, Payap University.
    Ywar, Naw Hsa Eh. 2013. A Grammar of Kayan Lahta. Master’s thesis, Payap University.

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padaung language
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