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Philo of Byblos (Ancient Greek: Φίλων Βύβλιος, Phílōn Býblios; Latin: Philo Byblius; c. 64 – 141), also known as Herennius Philon, was an antiquarian writer of grammatical, lexical and historical works in Greek. He is chiefly known for his Phoenician history assembled from the writings of Sanchuniathon.
Life
Philo was born in the 1st century in Byblos in what is now Lebanon. "He lived into the reign of Hadrian, of which he wrote a history, now lost." His name "Herennius" suggests that he was a client of the consul suffectus Herennius Severus through whom Philo may have achieved the status of a Roman citizen.
Works
Philo wrote a dictionary of synonyms, a collection of scientific writers and their works organized by category, a catalogue of cities with their famous citizens, and a Vita of the Emperor Hadrian. Some of his work is known to us by titles only; others have survived in fragmentary quotes in Christian authors. Among his works were:
On the Acquisition and Choice of Books
On Cities and their Famous Men, epitomized by the grammarian Aelius Serenus, and one of the chief authorities used by Hesychius and Stephanus of Byzantium
On Synonyms, of which there is extant an epitome by Ammonius Grammaticus.
[H]e is chiefly known for his translation of the Phoenician history of Sanchuniathon, who was said to have lived before the Trojan war. Of this work considerable fragments have been preserved, chiefly by Eusebius in the Praeparatio evangelica (i.9; iv.16). They present a euhemeristic réchauffé of Phoenician theology and mythology, which is represented as translated from the original Phoenician.
Sanchuniathon was thought by some scholars to be "an imaginary personage, whose name is formed from that of the Phoenician god Sanchon". However, Edinburgh Professor P. B. R. Forbes wrote that 14th century BC documents from Ugarit, published since 1929, have "proved conclusively that Sanchuniathon is doubtless a verity because of the many correspondences between him and these fresh texts".
Philo's Greek Phoenician History was so extensively quoted by Eusebius in his 4th-century work Praeparatio evangelica that the fragments have been assembled and translated. Eusebius's quotations often have an agenda contrary to Philo's original intentions: the sources of Phoenician religion are quoted to disparage. Philo's passages show a jumbling together of Phoenician lore with Greek mythology, Zoroastrian beliefs and ancient Egyptian beliefs concerning the ibis-headed god Thoth, who in Philo is called Taautos or Tauthos. In Philo, as among the ancient Egyptians, Taautos/Thoth is given characteristics that were much argued in the 4th century Christology: "everlasting, unbegotten, undivided". Allusions to serpent veneration mingled with the cult of Thoth are also found.
According to Eusebius, Philo discovered secret mythological writings of the ancient Phoenicians assembled by the Phoenician writer Sanchuniathon who, according to Eusebius/Philo, transcribed the sacred lore from pillars in the temples of Byblos. Philo also translated all (or some) of the work in his Phoenician History. According to Porphyry, Sanchuniathon wrote a history of the Jews based on information derived from Hierombalus (i.e. Jeruba'al), a Yahwist priest, and dedicated it to Abelbal or Abibal, king of Berytus.
The sequence of the gods and their genealogy among the Phoenicians, as gleaned from Philo's quoted fragments, were for long recognized as supporting the general scheme in Hesiod's Theogony. Names of deities on the cuneiform tablets from Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra, Syria) fall into similar patterns. Compare the genealogical tables at Sanchuniathon.
Notes
References
Harold W. Attridge and Robert A. Oden, Philo of Byblos: Phoenician History, Introduction, Critical Text, Translation, Notes, Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series, 1981.
Albert I. Baumgarten, The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos, 1981.
Peter Barr Reid Forbes, "Philon of Byblos" in The Oxford Classical Dictionary, New York, New York.: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Pedro Pablo Fuentes González, "Philon de Byblos", in R. Goulet (ed.), Dictionnaire des Philosophes Antiques, vol. Va, Paris, CNRS, 2012, p. 392-399.
External links
Adolf Lumpe (1994). "Philo Byblius, Herennius (Herennios Philon von Byblos)". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 7. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 518–521. ISBN 3-88309-048-4.
"Philo Byblius, Herennius" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
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Philo of Byblos - Wikipedia
Philo of Byblos (Ancient Greek: Φίλων Βύβλιος, Phílōn Býblios; Latin: Philo Byblius; c. 64 – 141), also known as Herennius Philon, was an antiquarian writer of grammatical, lexical and historical works in Greek. He is chiefly known for his Phoenician history assembled from the writings of Sanchuniathon. [1]
Philo of Byblos | ancient author | Britannica - Encyclopedia Britannica
Excavations at Ras Shamra (ancient Ugarit) in Syria in 1929 revealed Phoenician documents supporting much of Sanchuniathon’s information on Phoenician mythology and religious beliefs. According to Philo, Sanchuniathon derived the sacred …
Phoenicia: Phoenician History is the oldest document of human …
Philo of Byblius (Byblos) or Herennios Philon of Byblos (64 - 141 AD) was a Phoenician scholar and Roman citizen, born in Byblos, and representative of the Roman Consul Herennius Severus. He wrote numerous works of grammatical, lexical, encyclopedic and historical importance.
The Phoenician history : Philo, of Byblos - Archive.org
Feb 25, 2021 · Philo, of Byblos. Publication date 1981 Topics Mythology, Phoenician Publisher Washington, D.C. : Catholic Biblical Association of America Collection claremont_school_of_theology; internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English; Ancient Greek
May 12, 2023 · Philo, of Byblos. Phoenician history, Mythology, Phoenician Publisher Leiden : E.J. Brill Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English; Greek Item Size 711.2M
Philo of Byblos - Encyclopedia.com
PHILO OF BYBLOS. Phoenician scholar who flourished c. a.d. 100. Philo of Byblos is the author of several works in Greek, of which fragments have been preserved in the citations of later Greek writers.
Philo of Byblos — Ordo ab Chao
Philo of Byblos (c. 64 – 141), also known as Herennius Philon, was an antiquarian writer of grammatical, lexical and historical works in Greek.
Philo of Byblos° - Encyclopedia.com
PHILO OF BYBLOS ° (also called Herennius Philo , 64–161 c.e.), Greek author of a Phoenician history. Philo claimed that his history was a translation from the Phoenician of Sanchuniathon, whose sources go back to before the Trojan War.
Philo of Byblos, The Phoenician History | Religious Studies
Philo of Byblos in the early Roman imperial period claimed to have translated the work of an ancient author Sanchuniathon who recorded stories of the ancient Canaanite gods, stories that resemble the myths found in Ugaritic sources.
Philo of Byblos
Philo of Byblos (Greek: Φίλων, PhÃlÅ n; Latin: Philo Byblius; c. 64 – 141 CE), also known as Herennius Philon, was an antiquarian writer of grammatical, lexical and historical works in Greek. He is chiefly known for his Phoenician history assembled from …
