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In computing and computer science, a processor or processing unit is an electrical component (digital circuit) that performs operations on an external data source, usually memory or some other data stream. It typically takes the form of a microprocessor, which can be implemented on a single or a few tightly integrated metal–oxide–semiconductor integrated circuit chips. In the past, processors were constructed using multiple individual vacuum tubes, multiple individual transistors, or multiple integrated circuits.
The term is frequently used to refer to the central processing unit (CPU), the main processor in a system. However, it can also refer to other coprocessors, such as a graphics processing unit (GPU).
Traditional processors are typically based on silicon; however, researchers have developed experimental processors based on alternative materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, diamond, and alloys made of elements from groups three and five of the periodic table. Transistors made of a single sheet of silicon atoms one atom tall and other 2D materials have been researched for use in processors. Quantum processors have been created; they use quantum superposition to represent bits (called qubits) instead of only an on or off state.




Moore's law



Moore's law, named after Gordon Moore, is the observation and projection via historical trend that the number of transistors in integrated circuits, and therefore processors by extension, doubles every two years. The progress of processors has followed Moore's law closely.




Types


Central processing units (CPUs) are the primary processors in most computers. They are designed to handle a wide variety of general computing tasks rather than only a few domain-specific tasks. If based on the von Neumann architecture, they contain at least a control unit (CU), an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and processor registers. In practice, CPUs in personal computers are usually also connected, through the motherboard, to a main memory bank, hard drive or other permanent storage, and peripherals, such as a keyboard and mouse.
Graphics processing units (GPUs) are present in many computers and designed to efficiently perform computer graphics operations, including linear algebra. They are highly parallel, and CPUs usually perform better on tasks requiring serial processing. Although GPUs were originally intended for use in graphics, over time their application domains have expanded, and they have become an important piece of hardware for machine learning.
There are several forms of processors specialized for machine learning. These fall under the category of AI accelerators (also known as neural processing units, or NPUs) and include vision processing units (VPUs) and Google's Tensor Processing Unit (TPU).
Sound chips and sound cards are used for generating and processing audio. Digital signal processors (DSPs) are designed for processing digital signals. Image signal processors are DSPs specialized for processing images in particular.
Deep learning processors, such as neural processing units are designed for efficient deep learning computation.
Physics processing units (PPUs) are built to efficiently make physics-related calculations, particularly in video games.
Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are specialized circuits that can be reconfigured for different purposes, rather than being locked into a particular application domain during manufacturing.
The Synergistic Processing Element or Unit (SPE or SPU) is a component in the Cell microprocessor.
Processors based on different circuit technology have been developed. One example is quantum processors, which use quantum physics to enable algorithms that are impossible on classical computers (those using traditional circuitry). Another example is photonic processors, which use light to make computations instead of semiconducting electronics. Processing is done by photodetectors sensing light produced by lasers inside the processor.




See also


Logic gate
Processor design
Microprocessor
Multiprocessing
Multiprocessor system architecture
Multi-core processor
Processor power dissipation
Central processing unit
Graphics processing unit
Superscalar processor
Hardware acceleration
Von Neumann architecture
All pages with titles containing processing unit




References

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Daftar Isi

• Processor (computing) - Wikipedia
• What is Processor? - GeeksforGeeks
• What is a processor: Your CPU explained in plain terms
• What is a Processor? Definition, Use Cases & Types - Techopedia
• Role of processor in a PC - GeeksforGeeks
• Computer Processor (CPU): Working, Types, and Importance
• What Is a CPU, and What Does It Do? - How-To Geek
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) - GeeksforGeeks
• What is a CPU? Here’s everything you need to know
• Central processing unit - Wikipedia

Processor (computing) - Wikipedia

In computing and computer science, a processor or processing unit is an electrical component (digital circuit) that performs operations on an external data source, usually memory or some other data stream. [1]

What is Processor? - GeeksforGeeks

May 28, 2024 · The processor or CPU is the brain of your computer. It performs program tasks, calculates data from input, and manages and coordinates other parts like memory, devices connected to the computer, and what shows up on the screen.

What is a processor: Your CPU explained in plain terms

Jun 1, 2023 · What is the processor in a computer? At its core, the processor inside your computer is the entire brains of the operation, so to speak. It carries out program functions, computes data from...

What is a Processor? Definition, Use Cases & Types - Techopedia

Aug 23, 2024 · CPU refers to the processing unit in a computer that is responsible for executing general-purpose instructions and working with the operating system (OS) to manage the other computer components and ensure they work together.

Role of processor in a PC - GeeksforGeeks

Feb 22, 2021 · The processor also known as CPU is a piece of hardware. It is often referred to as the “Brain of a PC” because all the computations and processing are carried out directly or indirectly by the processor containing millions of transistors. It is a single chip that is capable of processing data.

Computer Processor (CPU): Working, Types, and Importance

Mar 20, 2024 · What Is a Computer Processor (CPU)? Meaning, History, Working, Types, and Importance. A computer processor or CPU is the hardware component that executes instructions and calculations to run programs and the OS. This article explains the working, types, and importance of a CPU.

What Is a CPU, and What Does It Do? - How-To Geek

Oct 28, 2024 · The CPU (central processing unit) is the brain of your computer, processing instructions from programs and components. Modern CPUs use billions of microscopic transistors to interpret binary signals, enabling complex tasks at high speeds.

Central Processing Unit (CPU) - GeeksforGeeks

Jun 12, 2024 · In this article, we are going to discuss CPU in detail. What is a CPU? A Central Processing Unit is the most important component of a computer system. A CPU is hardware that performs data input/output, processing, and storage functions for a computer system. A CPU can be installed into a CPU socket.

What is a CPU? Here’s everything you need to know

Oct 3, 2024 · CPUs reside in almost all devices you own, whether it’s a smartwatch, a computer, or a thermostat. They are responsible for processing and executing instructions and act as the brains of your...

Central processing unit - Wikipedia

A modern consumer CPU made by Intel: An Intel Core i9-14900KF Inside a central processing unit: The integrated circuit of Intel's Xeon 3060, first manufactured in 2006. A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor, or just processor, is the primary processor in a given computer. [1] [2] Its electronic circuitry executes instructions of a …