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The protocol stack or network stack is an implementation of a computer networking protocol suite or protocol family. Some of these terms are used interchangeably but strictly speaking, the suite is the definition of the communication protocols, and the stack is the software implementation of them.
Individual protocols within a suite are often designed with a single purpose in mind. This modularization simplifies design and evaluation. Because each protocol module usually communicates with two others, they are commonly imagined as layers in a stack of protocols. The lowest protocol always deals with low-level interaction with the communications hardware. Each higher layer adds additional capabilities. User applications usually deal only with the topmost layers.
General protocol suite description
T ~ ~ ~ T
[A] [B]_____[C]
Imagine three computers: A, B, and C. A and B both have radio equipment and can communicate via the airwaves using a suitable network protocol (such as IEEE 802.11). B and C are connected via a cable, using it to exchange data (again, with the help of a protocol, for example Point-to-Point Protocol). However, neither of these two protocols will be able to transport information from A to C, because these computers are conceptually on different networks. An inter-network protocol is required to connect them.
One could combine the two protocols to form a powerful third, mastering both cable and wireless transmission, but a different super-protocol would be needed for each possible combination of protocols. It is easier to leave the base protocols alone and design a protocol that can work on top of any of them (the Internet Protocol is an example). This will make two stacks of two protocols each. The inter-network protocol will communicate with each of the base protocols in their simpler language; the base protocols will not talk directly to each other.
A request on computer A to send a chunk of data to C is taken by the upper protocol, which (through whatever means) knows that C is reachable through B. It, therefore, instructs the wireless protocol to transmit the data packet to B. On this computer, the lower layer handlers will pass the packet up to the inter-network protocol, which, on recognizing that B is not the final destination, will again invoke lower-level functions. This time, the cable protocol is used to send the data to C. There, the received packet is again passed to the upper protocol, which (with C being the destination) will pass it on to a higher protocol or application on C.
In practical implementation, protocol stacks are often divided into three major sections: media, transport, and applications. A particular operating system or platform will often have two well-defined software interfaces: one between the media and transport layers, and one between the transport layers and applications. The media-to-transport interface defines how transport protocol software makes use of particular media and hardware types and is associated with a device driver. For example, this interface level would define how TCP/IP transport software would talk to the network interface controller. Examples of these interfaces include ODI and NDIS in the Microsoft Windows and DOS environment. The application-to-transport interface defines how application programs make use of the transport layers. For example, this interface level would define how a web browser program would talk to TCP/IP transport software. Examples of these interfaces include Berkeley sockets and System V STREAMS in Unix-like environments, and Winsock for Microsoft Windows.
Examples
Spanning layer
An important feature of many communities of interoperability based on a common protocol stack is a spanning layer, a term coined by David Clark
Certain protocols are designed with the specific purpose of bridging differences at the lower layers, so that common agreements are not required there. Instead, the layer provides the definitions that permit translation to occur between a range of services or technologies used below. Thus, in somewhat abstract terms, at and above such a layer common standards contribute to interoperation, while below the layer translation is used. Such a layer is called a spanning layer in this paper. As a practical matter, real interoperation is achieved by the definition and use of effective spanning layers. But there are many different ways that a spanning layer can be crafted.
In the Internet protocol stack, the Internet Protocol Suite constitutes a spanning layer that defines a best-effort service for global routing of datagrams at Layer 3. The Internet is the community of interoperation based on this spanning layer.
See also
Cross-layer optimization
DECnet
Hierarchical internetworking model
Protocol Wars
Recursive Internetwork Architecture
Service layer
Signalling System No. 7
Systems Network Architecture
Wireless Application Protocol
X.25
References
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Protocol stack - Wikipedia
The protocol stack or network stack is an implementation of a computer networking protocol suite or protocol family. Some of these terms are used interchangeably but strictly speaking, the suite is the definition of the communication protocols , and …
What is a Protocol Stack? And Why is it Layered? | Novel Bits
Jul 11, 2022 · Protocol stacks are a layered collection of protocols that work together to provide communication services. Each protocol in the stack is responsible for a specific task, and by layering them, we can create a more robust and reliable system.
Protocol Stacks - How OSI Works - HowStuffWorks
Sep 3, 2008 · A protocol stack is a group of protocols that all work together to allow software or hardware to perform a function. The TCP/IP protocol stack is a good example. It uses four layers that map to the OSI model as follows:
List of network protocol stacks - Wikipedia
This is a list of protocol stack architectures. A protocol stack is a suite of complementary communications protocols in a computer network or a computer bus system.
Definition of protocol stack - PCMag
A protocol stack is a prescribed hierarchy of software layers, starting from the application layer at the top (the source of the data being sent) to the data link layer at the bottom...
Protocol stack - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Protocol stack of the OSI model. A protocol stack is a part of an operating system (OS) or device that is used to communicate with other things.. Computers communicate in many ways. A mobile phone contains several protocol stacks. There are protocol stacks in a mobile phone for handling voice calls, for Bluetooth, for Wi-Fi, and for USB.There is a protocol stack used when reading a …
What are Protocol Stacks? | Twingate
Oct 16, 2024 · Protocol Stacks: Protocol stacks are collections of protocols organized into layers. Each layer performs a specific role, such as data encapsulation or error correction, ensuring seamless communication across the network.
Protocol Stack - CIO Wiki
What is Protocol Stack? A protocol stack, in networking terminology, is a collection of software protocols that provides communications between computers on a network, and between computers and the network infrastructure. The protocol stack model helps to organize layered network models.
Understanding the Network Protocol Stack: A Comprehensive Guide
Jun 29, 2024 · Explore the Network Protocol Stack, its key layers, fundamental protocols, and emerging trends shaping the future of networking. Discover best practices and challenges.
Protocol stack definition – Glossary - NordVPN
A protocol stack is a group of protocols that functions like a rulebook for devices to talk to each other in a network. It helps a network function properly. The protocol stack divides communication into different parts (i.e., layers).
