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      The Pulitzer Prize for Music is one of seven Pulitzer Prizes awarded annually in Letters, Drama, and Music. It was first given in 1943. Joseph Pulitzer arranged for a music scholarship to be awarded each year, and this was eventually converted into a prize: "For a distinguished musical composition of significant dimension by an American that has had its first performance in the United States during the year."
      Because of the requirement that the composition have its world premiere during the year of its award, the winning work had rarely been recorded and sometimes had received only one performance. In 2004, the terms were modified to read: "For a distinguished musical composition by an American that has had its first performance or recording in the United States during the year."


      History


      In his will, dated April 16, 1904, Joseph Pulitzer established annual prizes for a number of creative accomplishments by living Americans, including prizes for journalism, novels, plays, histories and biographies, but did not establish a prize in music, choosing instead to inaugurate an annual scholarship for "the student of music in America whom the Advisory Board shall deem the most talented and deserving, in order that he may continue his studies with the advantage of European instruction." The Pulitzer Prize for Music was instituted in 1943 to recognize works of "music in its larger forms as composed by an American." The phrase "music in its larger forms" proved difficult to interpret for the advisory board and the prize's juries, resulting in controversies over the years. One critic of the award said, "The Prize Board could hardly have chosen more offensive words to communicate its message."
      In 1965, the jury unanimously decided that no major work was worthy of the Pulitzer Prize. Instead, it recommended a special citation be given to Duke Ellington in recognition of his body of work, but the Pulitzer Board refused and therefore no award was given that year. Ellington responded: "Fate is being kind to me. Fate doesn't want me to be too famous too young." (He was then 67 years old.) Despite this joke, Nat Hentoff reported that when he spoke to Ellington about the subject, he was "angrier than I'd ever seen him before", and Ellington said, "I'm hardly surprised that my kind of music is still without, let us say, official honor at home. Most Americans still take it for granted that European-based music—classical music, if you will—is the only really respectable kind."
      In 1996, the Pulitzer Board announced a change in the criteria for the music prize "so as to attract the best of a wider range of American music." African-American composer and trumpeter Wynton Marsalis became the first jazz artist to win the Pulitzer Prize in 1997. The legitimacy of his win was debated, as his entry, Blood on the Fields, should not have been eligible according to the Pulitzer guidelines: winning works are required to have had their first performance during the year of the award, but Marsalis's piece premiered on April 1, 1994, and Columbia Records released its recording in 1995. In an attempt to bypass that requirement, Marsalis's management had submitted a "revised version" of Blood on the Fields that had seven minor changes and a "premiere" at Yale University. When asked what would make a revised work eligible, the chairman of that year's music jury, Robert Ward, said: "Not a cut here and there...or a slight revision", but rather something that changed "the whole conception of the piece". After reading a list of the revisions to the piece, Ward acknowledged that they should not have made it eligible.
      Ten women have received the Pulitzer Prize: Ellen Taaffe Zwilich in 1983; Shulamit Ran in 1991; Melinda Wagner in 1999; Jennifer Higdon in 2010; Caroline Shaw in 2013; Julia Wolfe in 2015; Du Yun in 2017; Ellen Reid in 2019; Tania León in 2021; and Rhiannon Giddens in 2023. In addition to being the first woman to receive the award, Zwilich was also the first woman to receive a Doctor of Musical Arts degree in composition at the Juilliard School of Music. Du is the first woman of color to receive the award. George Walker was the first African American composer to win the Prize, for his work Lilacs in 1996.
      In 1992 the music jury, which that year consisted of George Perle, Roger Reynolds, and Harvey Sollberger, chose Ralph Shapey's Concerto Fantastique for the award. The Pulitzer Board rejected that decision and gave the prize to the jury's second choice, Wayne Peterson's The Face of the Night, the Heart of the Dark. The jury responded with a public statement that they had not been consulted in that decision and that the Board was not professionally qualified to make such a decision. The Board responded that the "Pulitzers are enhanced by having, in addition to the professional's point of view, the layman's or consumer's point of view" and did not rescind its decision.
      In 2004, responding to criticism, Sig Gissler, the administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes at the Columbia University School of Journalism, announced that the board wanted to "broaden the prize a bit so that we can be more assured that we are getting the full range of the best of America's music". Board member Jay T. Harris said, "The prize should not be reserved essentially for music that comes out of the European classical tradition."
      The announced rule changes included altering the jury pool to include performers and presenters in addition to composers and critics. Entrants are no longer required to submit a score. Recordings are also accepted, although scores are still "strongly urged." Gissler said, "The main thing is we're trying to keep this a serious prize. We're not trying to dumb it down any way shape or form, but we're trying to augment it, improve it...I think the critical term here is 'distinguished American musical compositions.'" Reaction among Pulitzer Prize in Music winners has varied.
      The Pulitzer Prize Advisory Board officially announced: "After more than a year of studying the Prize, now in its 61st year, the Pulitzer Prize Board declares its strong desire to consider and honor the full range of distinguished American musical compositions—from the contemporary classical symphony to jazz, opera, choral, musical theater, movie scores and other forms of musical excellence...Through the years, the Prize has been awarded chiefly to composers of classical music and, quite properly, that has been of large importance to the arts community. However, despite some past efforts to broaden the competition, only once has the Prize gone to a jazz composition, a musical drama or a movie score. In the late 1990s, the Board took tacit note of the criticism leveled at its predecessors for failure to cite two of the country's foremost jazz composers. It bestowed a Special Citation on George Gershwin marking the 1998 centennial celebration of his birth and Duke Ellington on his 1999 centennial year. Earlier, in 1976, a Special Award was made to Scott Joplin in the American Bicentennial year. While Special Awards and Citations continue to be an important option, the Pulitzer Board believes that the Music Prize, in its own annual competition, should encompass the nation's array of distinguished music and hopes that the refinements in the Prize's definition, guidelines and jury membership will serve that end.”
      In 2006, a posthumous "Special Citation" was given to jazz composer Thelonious Monk, and in 2007 the prize went to Ornette Coleman, a free jazz composer, for his disc Sound Grammar, a recording of a 2005 concert, the first time a recording won the music Pulitzer, and a first for purely improvised music.
      In 2018, rapper Kendrick Lamar won the award for his 2017 hip hop album Damn. The recording was the first musical work not in the jazz or classical genre to win the prize.


      Criticism


      In 2004, Donald Martino, the 1974 winner, said, "If you write music long enough, sooner or later, someone is going to take pity on you and give you the damn thing. It is not always the award for the best piece of the year; it has gone to whoever hasn't gotten it before."
      John Corigliano, the 2001 winner, said that although the prize was intended for music that meant something to the world, it had become a very different kind of award, "by composers for composers" and "mired in a pool of rotating jurors."
      Composer and music critic Kyle Gann complained in his essay "The Uptown Prejudice Against Downtown Music" that the judges for the Pulitzer and other top awards for composition often included "the same seven names over and over as judges": Gunther Schuller, Joseph Schwantner, Jacob Druckman, George Perle, John Harbison, Mario Davidovsky, and Bernard Rands. Gann argued that "Downtown" composers like himself did not win awards because the composer-judges were all "white men, all of them coming pretty much from the same narrow Eurocentric aesthetic.... These seven men have determined who wins the big prizes in American music for the last two decades. They have made sure that Downtown composers never win."
      After winning the Pulitzer in 2003, John Adams expressed "ambivalence bordering on contempt" because "most of the country's greatest musical minds" have been ignored in favor of academic music.
      Schuller welcomed the broadening of the eligibility criteria for the prize in 2004: "This is a long overdue sea change in the whole attitude as to what can be considered for the prize. It is an opening up to different styles and not at all to different levels of quality." Composer Olly Wilson agreed that the changes were "a move in the right direction" because they acknowledge "a wider spectrum of music, including music that is not written down." Some other former prize winners disagreed. Harbison called it "a horrible development", adding, "If you were to impose a comparable standard on fiction you would be soliciting entries from the authors of airport novels." According to Martino, the prize had "already begun to go in the direction of permitting less serious stuff" before the 2004 changes. Lewis Spratlan, who won the prize in 2000, also objected, saying "The Pulitzer is one of the very few prizes that award artistic distinction in front-edge, risk-taking music. To dilute this objective by inviting the likes of musicals and movie scores, no matter how excellent, is to undermine the distinctiveness and capability for artistic advancement." In 2018, 1970 winner Charles Wuorinen denounced the jury for awarding the music award to Lamar, telling the New York Times the decision constituted "the final disappearance of any societal interest in high culture."


      Winners


      In its first 71 years, the Music Pulitzer was awarded 67 times; it was never split, and no prize was given in 1953, 1964, 1965, or 1981.


      = 1940s

      =
      1943: William Schuman, Secular Cantata No. 2: A Free Song
      1944: Howard Hanson, Symphony No. 4, Requiem
      1945: Aaron Copland, Appalachian Spring, ballet
      1946: Leo Sowerby, The Canticle of the Sun
      1947: Charles Ives, Symphony No. 3
      1948: Walter Piston, Symphony No. 3
      1949: Virgil Thomson, Louisiana Story, film score


      = 1950s

      =
      1950: Gian Carlo Menotti, The Consul, opera
      1951: Douglas Stuart Moore, Giants in the Earth, opera
      1952: Gail Kubik, Symphony Concertante
      1953: no prize awarded
      1954: Quincy Porter, Concerto Concertante for two pianos and orchestra
      1955: Gian Carlo Menotti, The Saint of Bleecker Street, opera
      1956: Ernst Toch, Symphony No. 3
      1957: Norman Dello Joio, Meditations on Ecclesiastes
      1958: Samuel Barber, Vanessa, opera
      1959: John La Montaine, Piano Concerto No. 1, Op. 9.


      = 1960s

      =
      1960: Elliott Carter, String Quartet No. 2
      1961: Walter Piston, Symphony No. 7
      1962: Robert Ward, The Crucible, opera
      1963: Samuel Barber, Piano Concerto
      1964: no prize awarded
      1965: no prize awarded (See Duke Ellington)
      1966: Leslie Bassett, Variations for Orchestra
      1967: Leon Kirchner, Quartet No. 3 for strings and electronic tape
      1968: George Crumb, Echoes of Time and the River
      1969: Karel Husa, String Quartet No. 3


      = 1970s

      =
      1970: Charles Wuorinen, Time's Encomium
      1971: Mario Davidovsky, Synchronisms No. 6 for Piano and Electronic Sound (1970)
      1972: Jacob Druckman, Windows
      1973: Elliott Carter, String Quartet No. 3
      1974: Donald Martino, Notturno
      1975: Dominick Argento, From the Diary of Virginia Woolf
      1976: Ned Rorem, Air Music
      1977: Richard Wernick, Visions of Terror and Wonder
      1978: Michael Colgrass, Deja Vu for percussion and orchestra
      1979: Joseph Schwantner, Aftertones of Infinity


      = 1980s

      =
      Indented entries are finalists after each year's winner.

      1980: David Del Tredici, In Memory of a Summer Day
      Morton Subotnick, After the Butterfly
      Lukas Foss, Quintets for Orchestra
      1981: no prize awarded
      1982: Roger Sessions, Concerto for Orchestra
      1983: Ellen Zwilich, Three Movements for Orchestra (Symphony No. 1)
      Vivian Fine, Drama for Orchestra
      1984: Bernard Rands, Canti del Sole
      Peter Lieberson, Piano Concerto,
      1985: Stephen Albert, Symphony No. 1 RiverRun
      William Bolcom, Songs of Innocence and Experience, a Musical Illumination of the Poems of William Blake
      1986: George Perle, Wind Quintet No. 4, for flute, oboe, clarinet, horn, and bassoon
      George Rochberg, Symphony No. 5
      1987: John Harbison, The Flight into Egypt
      Stephen Albert, Flower of the Mountain
      1988: William Bolcom, 12 New Etudes for Piano
      Gunther Schuller, Concerto For String Quartet and Orchestra
      1989: Roger Reynolds, Whispers Out of Time
      Steven Stucky, Concerto for Orchestra
      Bright Sheng, H'un (Lacerations): In Memoriam 1966–1976


      = 1990s

      =
      1990: Mel D. Powell, Duplicates: A Concerto
      Ralph Shapey, Concerto for Cello, Piano, and String Orchestra
      1991: Shulamit Ran, Symphony
      Bright Sheng, Four Movements for Piano
      Charles Fussell, Wilde
      1992: Wayne Peterson, The Face of the Night, the Heart of the Dark
      Ralph Shapey, Concerto Fantastique
      1993: Christopher Rouse, Trombone Concerto
      Leon Kirchner, Music for Cello and Orchestra
      Joan Tower, Violin Concerto
      1994: Gunther Schuller, Of Reminiscences and Reflections
      Aaron Jay Kernis, Still Movement with Hymn
      Charles Wuorinen, Microsymphony
      1995: Morton Gould, Stringmusic
      Donald Erb, Evensong
      Andrew Imbrie, Adam
      1996: George Walker, Lilacs, for soprano and orchestra
      Peter Lieberson, Variations for Violin and Piano
      Elliott Carter, Adagio tenebroso
      1997: Wynton Marsalis, Blood on the Fields, oratorio
      John Musto, Dove Sta Amore
      Stanisław Skrowaczewski, Passacaglia Immaginaria
      1998: Aaron Jay Kernis, String Quartet No. 2, Musica Instrumentalis
      John Adams, Century Rolls
      Yehudi Wyner, Horntrio
      1999: Melinda Wagner, Concerto for Flute, Strings, and Percussion
      David Rakowski, Persistent Memory
      Stanisław Skrowaczewski, Concerto for Orchestra


      = 2000s

      =
      2000: Lewis Spratlan, Life Is a Dream, opera (awarded for concert version of Act II)
      Donald Martino: Serenata Concertante
      John Zorn: contes de fees
      2001: John Corigliano, Symphony No. 2, for string orchestra
      Stephen Hartke, Tituli
      Fred Lerdahl, Time After Time
      2002: Henry Brant, Ice Field
      Peter Lieberson, Rilke Songs
      David Rakowski, Ten of a Kind
      2003: John Adams, On the Transmigration of Souls
      Steve Reich: Three Tales
      Paul Schoenfield: Camp Songs
      2004: Paul Moravec, Tempest Fantasy
      Steve Reich: Cello Counterpoint
      Peter Lieberson: Piano Concerto No. 3
      2005: Steven Stucky, Second Concerto for Orchestra
      Steve Reich: You Are (Variations)
      Elliott Carter: Dialogues
      2006: Yehudi Wyner, Chiavi in Mano (piano concerto)
      Peter Lieberson: Neruda Songs
      Chen Yi: Si Ji (Four Seasons)
      2007: Ornette Coleman, Sound Grammar
      Elliot Goldenthal: Grendel
      Augusta Read Thomas: Astral Canticle
      2008: David Lang, The Little Match Girl Passion
      Stephen Hartke: Meanwhile
      Roberto Sierra: Concerto for Viola
      2009: Steve Reich, Double Sextet
      Don Byron: 7 Etudes for Solo Piano
      Harold Meltzer: Brion


      = 2010s

      =
      2010: Jennifer Higdon, Violin Concerto
      Fred Lerdahl: String Quartet No. 3
      Julia Wolfe: Steel Hammer
      2011: Zhou Long, Madame White Snake, opera
      Fred Lerdahl: Arches
      Ricardo Zohn-Muldoon: Comala
      2012: Kevin Puts, Silent Night: Opera in Two Acts
      Tod Machover: Death and the Powers
      Andrew Norman: The Companion Guide to Rome
      2013: Caroline Shaw, Partita for 8 Voices
      Aaron Jay Kernis: Pieces of Winter Sky
      Wadada Leo Smith: Ten Freedom Summers
      2014: John Luther Adams, Become Ocean
      John Adams: The Gospel According to the Other Mary
      Christopher Cerrone: Invisible Cities
      2015: Julia Wolfe, Anthracite Fields
      Lei Liang: Xiaoxiang
      John Zorn: The Aristos
      2016: Henry Threadgill, In for a Penny, In for a Pound
      Timo Andres: The Blind Banister
      Carter Pann: The Mechanics: Six from the Shop Floor
      2017: Du Yun, Angel's Bone, opera
      Ashley Fure: Bound to the Bow
      Kate Soper: Ipsa Dixit
      2018: Kendrick Lamar, Damn, album
      Michael Gilbertson: Quartet
      Ted Hearne: Sound from the Bench
      2019: Ellen Reid, Prism, opera
      James Romig, Still
      Andrew Norman, Sustain


      = 2020s

      =
      2020: Anthony Davis, The Central Park Five, opera
      Alex Weiser, and all the days were purple
      Michael Torke, Sky: Concerto for Violin
      2021: Tania León, Stride
      Maria Schneider, Data Lords
      Ted Hearne, Place
      2022: Raven Chacon, Voiceless Mass
      Anne Leilehua Lanzilotti, with eyes the color of time
      Andy Akiho, Seven Pillars
      2023: Rhiannon Giddens and Michael Abels, Omar
      Tyshawn Sorey, Monochromatic Light (Afterlife)
      Jerrilynn Patton, Perspective
      2024: Tyshawn Sorey, Adagio (for Wadada Leo Smith)
      Felipe Lara, Double Concerto for esperanza spalding, Claire Chase, and large orchestra
      Mary Kouyoumdjian, Paper Pianos


      = Additional citations

      =
      1974: Roger Sessions (1896–1985)
      1976: Scott Joplin (1868–1917, posthumous)
      1982: Milton Babbitt (1916–2011)
      1985: William Schuman (1910–1992)
      1998: George Gershwin (1898–1937, posthumous)
      1999: Duke Ellington (1899–1974, posthumous)
      2006: Thelonious Monk (1917–1982, posthumous)
      2007: John Coltrane (1926–1967, posthumous)
      2008: Bob Dylan (born 1941)
      2010: Hank Williams (1923–1953, posthumous)
      2019: Aretha Franklin (1942–2018, posthumous)


      Repeat winners and finalists


      Six people have won the Pulitzer Prize for Music twice:

      Walter Piston, 1948, 1961
      Gian Carlo Menotti, 1950, 1955
      Samuel Barber, 1958 (libretto by Menotti), 1963
      Elliott Carter, 1960, 1973
      Three people have been named a finalist for the same category more than once:

      Charles Wuorinen, 1970, 1994
      John Zorn, 2000, 2015
      Fred Lerdahl, 2001, 2010, 2011


      References




      Further reading


      Heinz Dietrich Fischer (2010). The Pulitzer Prize Winners for Music: Composer Biographies, Premiere Programs and Jury Reports. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-59608-1.


      External links



      Media related to Pulitzer Prize for Music winners at Wikimedia Commons

      Official website
      The Pulitzer Prize for Music: A Sonic Gallery

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