radare2

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      Radare2 (also known as r2) is a complete framework for reverse-engineering and analyzing binaries; composed of a set of small utilities that can be used together or independently from the command line. Built around a disassembler for computer software which generates assembly language source code from machine-executable code, it supports a variety of executable formats for different processor architectures and operating systems.


      History


      Radare2 was created in February 2006, aiming to provide a free and simple command-line interface for a hexadecimal editor supporting 64 bit offsets to make searches and recovering data from hard-disks, for forensic purposes. Since then, the project has grown with the aim changed to provide a complete framework for analyzing binaries while adhering to several principles of the Unix philosophy.
      In 2009, the decision was made to completely rewrite it, to get around limitations in the initial design. Since then, the project continued to grow, and attracted several resident developers.
      In 2016, the first r2con took place in Barcelona, gathering more than 100 participants, featuring various talks about various features and improvements of the framework.
      Radare2 has been the focus of multiple presentations at several high-profile security conferences, like the recon, hack.lu, 33c3.


      Features and usage


      Radare2 has a steep learning curve since its main executable binaries are operated by command line and does not have a GUI by itself. Originally built around a hexadecimal editor, it has now a multitude of tools and features, and also bindings for several languages. Meanwhile it has a WebUI and the official graphical user interface project for Radare2 is called Iaito.


      = Static analysis

      =
      Radare2 is able to assemble and disassemble a lot of software programs, mainly executables, but it can also perform binary diffing with graphs, extract information like relocations symbols, and various other types of data. Internally, it uses a NoSQL database named sdb to keep track of analysis information that can be inferred by Radare2 or manually added by the user. Since it is able to deal with malformed binaries, it has also been used by software security researchers for analysis purposes.


      = Dynamic analysis

      =
      Radare2 has a built-in debugger that is lower-level than GDB. It can also interface with GDB and WineDBG to debug Windows binaries on other systems. In addition, it can also be used as a kernel debugger with VMWare.


      = Software exploitation

      =
      Since it features a disassembler and a low-level debugger, Radare2 can be useful to developers of exploits. The software has features which assist in exploit development, such as a ROP gadget search engine and mitigation detection. Because of the software's flexibility and support for many file formats, it is often used by capture the flag teams and other security-oriented personnel.
      Radare2 can also assist in creating shellcodes with its 'ragg2' tool, similar to metasploit.


      = Graphical user interface (GUI)

      =
      Project Iaito has been developed as the first dedicated graphical user interface (GUI) for Radare2; it's been forked by Cutter as secondly developed graphical user interface (GUI) for Radare2. When the Cutter project was separated from Radare2 project at the end of 2020, Iaito was re-developed to be the current official Radare2 graphical user interface (GUI) maintained by Radare2 project members.


      Supported architectures/formats


      Recognized file formats
      COFF and derivatives, including Win32/64/generic PE
      ELF and derivatives
      Mach-O (Mach) and derivatives
      Game Boy and Game Boy Advance cartridges
      MZ (MS-DOS)
      Java class
      Lua 5.1 and Python bytecode
      dyld cache dump
      Dex (Dalvik EXecutable)
      Xbox xbe format
      Plan9 binaries
      WinRAR virtual machine
      File system like the ext family, ReiserFS, HFS+, NTFS, FAT, ...
      DWARF and PDB file formats for storing additional debug information
      Amiga Hunk
      Raw binary
      Instruction sets
      Intel x86 family
      ARM architecture
      Atmel AVR series
      Brainfuck
      Motorola 68k and H8
      Ricoh 5A22
      MOS 6502
      Smartcard PSOS Virtual Machine
      Java virtual machine
      MIPS: mipsb/mipsl/mipsr/mipsrl/r5900b/r5900l
      PowerPC
      SPARC Family
      TMS320Cxxx series
      Argonaut RISC Core
      Intel 51 series: 8051/80251b/80251s/80930b/80930s
      Zilog Z80
      CR16
      Cambridge Silicon Radio (CSR)
      AndroidVM Dalvik
      DCPU-16
      EFI bytecode
      Game Boy (z80-like)
      Java Bytecode
      Malbolge
      MSIL/CIL
      Nios II
      SuperH
      Spc700
      Systemz
      TMS320
      V850
      Whitespace
      XCore


      References




      Further reading


      maijin (2016). The radare2 book. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
      monosource (2016). Radare2 Explorations. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
      pancake (2008). The original radare book. p. 152.


      External links


      Official website
      Radare2 Git repository
      Iaito Git repository

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    How do I install Radare2 on Windows? - Stack Overflow

    I am trying to get Radare2 installed on my Windows machine. I do have Windows Subsystem for Linux up and running if that changes things. I have tried the git technique from their website: git clone

    Getting full binary control flow graph from Radare2

    Aug 1, 2017 · I want to get a full control flow graph of a binary (malware) using radare2. I followed this post from another question on SO. I wanted to ask if instead of ag there is another command that gives the control flow graph of the whole binary and not only the graph of one function.

    Save Radare2 terminal output into text file for Mac

    Jun 11, 2020 · I am trying to use Radare2 to save opcode sequences from PE32 files. Does anyone know how I can save the output Radare2 prints onto terminal after I call the "pd" command onto a text file? I am also wondering if there might be a way to do this in python as well using the r2pipe library.

    assembly - ASM pattern search in radare2 - Stack Overflow

    Sep 4, 2020 · I want to perform a search in radare2 for an ASM pattern of the type. pop, mov, mov. that is three consecutive instructions: the first beginning with pop, the second beginning with mov and the third also.

    Radare2 "pd" command - Stack Overflow

    Jun 11, 2020 · I am currently using Radare2 to extract opcodes from PE files. Currently, I am attempting to use the "pd" command which from the API: "pd n @ offset: Print n opcodes disassembled". I am wondering if there is a way to calculate/find out exactly what "n" is for each file I process. Thanks

    How do I install radare2 plugins in offline installation?

    Oct 31, 2018 · Start from downloading r2dec from its Github repository (either by cloning it or using the GitHub interface). ). Then, you can copy r2dec-js folder to your target computer in any way you p

    How to get a nice stack view in radare2?

    Nov 25, 2017 · This is the stack view that I'm getting in radare2 after entering the visual panel mode: This is the view from immunity debugger: how can I get a view similar to that of immunity debugger in rad...

    r/radare2 - Reddit

    r/radare2: radare2 is an opensource, crossplatform reverse engineering framework. ... While debugging using radare2, I know how to manually figure out where the saved return pointer is on the stack.

    radare2 - how to get value at an address with radare - Stack …

    Dec 3, 2018 · If I'm using radare2, and I run, lets say dr while debugging, it'll print pointers for some of the registers. Lets pretend like esp is resolving to 0x04084308 or something similar. If I want to get...

    radare2: how to pass parameters to debugee? - Stack Overflow

    Sep 14, 2016 · You can pass arguments to radare2 debugged program in several ways. The simplest way is: r2 -d program arg1 arg2 arg3 r2 is an alias for radare2.-d is telling radare2 to debug the execuable. arg1..3 are the arguments passed to the executable by radare2. Another way is using the ood command inside radare2 shell: