Refusenik GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21

Refusenik (bahasa Rusia: отказник, otkaznik, dari "отказ", otkaz "penolakan") adalah sebuah istilah tak resmi untuk orang-orang, terutama Yahudi Soviet (namun tidak semua), yang menolak ijin untuk berimigrasi, terutama ke Israel, dari otoritas Uni Soviet dan negara-negara blok Timur lainnya. Istilah refusenik berasal dari kata "refusal" yang artinya penolakan dalam artian menolak dijadikan imigran oleh otoritas Soviet.




Tekanan internasional


Pada 18 Oktober 1976, 13 kaum refusenik Yahudi datang ke Presidium Tertinggi Soviet untuk mengajukan petisi terkait penjelasan tentang penolakan hak mereka untuk beremigrasi dari Uni Soviet, sebagaimana ditegaskan dalam Helsinki Final Act. Karena tidak menerima jawaban, mereka berkumpul di ruang penerimaan Presidium pada hari berikutnya. Setelah beberapa jam menunggu, mereka ditangkap oleh polisi, dibawa ke luar batas kota dan dipukuli. Dua dari mereka ditahan di tahanan kepolisian.
Pada minggu berikutnya, setelah pertemuan yang gagal antara para pemimpin aktivis dan Menteri Dalam Negeri Soviet, Jenderal Nikolay Shchelokov, beberapa demonstrasi berlangsung di ibu kota Soviet. Pada 25 Oktober 1976, 22 aktivis, termasuk Mark Azbel, Felix Kandel, Alexander Lerner, Ida Nudel, Anatoly Shcharansky, Vladimir Slepak, dan Michael Zeleny, ditangkap di Moskwa dalam perjalanan mereka menuju demonstrasi berikutnya.




Catatan kaki






Bacaan tambahan






= Buku dan artikel

=
Pauline Peretz, Let My People Go: The Transnational Politics of Soviet Jewish Emigration During the Cold War. Ethan Rundell, trans. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2015.
"Soviet repression of refusenik scientists unabated. The arrest of chemist Yuri Tarnopolsky points up the continuing plight of refusenik scientists in the Soviet Union under its new leadership". Chemical & Engineering News. 61 (20): 45–47. 15 May 1983. doi:10.1021/cen-v061n020.p045.




= Memoir

=
Natan Sharansky, Fear No Evil: The Classic Memoir of One Man's Triumph over a Police State. ISBN 1-891620-02-9.
Chaim Potok, Gates of November: Chronicles of the Slepak Family. ISBN 0-394-58867-3.
Yuri Tarnopolsky, Memoirs of 1984. ISBN 0-8191-9198-1, ISBN 0-8191-9197-3.




= Fiksi

=
David Shrayer-Petrov (bahasa Rusia: Шраер-Петров, Давид), Herbert and Nelly (a novel, in Russian, abridged 1986; complete 1992, 2006). A saga of a refusenik family set in Moscow in the 1980s.




Pranala luar


Media tentang Refuseniks di Wikimedia Commons

"Timeline of the Jewish Movement in the Soviet Union". Project for the Study of Dissidence and Samizdat. University of Toronto.
* The Refusenik Project – A free educational resource

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Refusenik
• Natan Sharansky
• Yuli Edelstein
• Pembajakan pesawat
• Aliyah dari Uni Soviet pada 1970-an
• Tahanan Zion
• Maikel Nabil Sanad
• Refusenik
• Refusenik (disambiguation)
• Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces
• Refusenik (film)
• Irshad Manji
• Natan Sharansky
• Ometz LeSarev
• Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
• Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro
• Michael Aronov

REFUSENIK MOVIE TRAILER - YouTube

"Refuseniks: Heroes of History" Slideshow -- Archive of the American ...

Canadian Refusenik 🍁 on Twitter: "They know."

How To Pronounce Refuseniks🌈🌈🌈🌈🌈🌈Pronunciation Of Refuseniks - YouTube

Canadian Refusenik 🍁🌶️ on Twitter: "The times we live in. https://t.co ...

Word of the Week Archive | Jewish Languages

Refusenik | School of the Arts

Refusenik - Wikipedia

Refusenik (2007) - IMDb

Refusenik Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes

Refusenik by dshubble on DeviantArt

‎Refusenik on iTunes

refusenik

Daftar Isi

• Refusenik - Wikipedia
• Refusenik Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
• History | THE REFUSENIK PROJECT
• Refuseniks & Activists
• Jews in Former Soviet Union: Refusniks - Jewish Virtual Library
• REFUSENIK | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
• REFUSENIK definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
• Refusenik (film) - Wikipedia
• Refuseniks - Encyclopedia.com
• | THE REFUSENIK PROJECT

Refusenik - Wikipedia

Refusenik (Russian: отказник, romanized: otkaznik, from отказ (otkaz) 'refusal'; alternatively spelled refusnik) was an unofficial term for individuals—typically, but not exclusively, Soviet Jews—who were denied permission to emigrate, primarily to Israel, by the authorities of the Soviet Union and other countries of the Soviet ...

Refusenik Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

The meaning of REFUSENIK is a Soviet citizen and especially a Jew refused permission to emigrate.

History | THE REFUSENIK PROJECT

The Refusenik Project is a free educational resource created by The Lookstein Center of Bar-Ilan University to keep the story of Soviet Jewry alive and to inspire the next generation with its message.

Refuseniks & Activists

If you were a Refusenik or activist, or have a story to tell, we want to hear from you! The Blavatnik Archive is a nonprofit foundation dedicated to preserving and disseminating materials that contribute to the study of 20th-century Jewish and world history, with a special emphasis on World War I, World War II, and Soviet Russia.

Jews in Former Soviet Union: Refusniks - Jewish Virtual Library

A leading Jewish activist, Vladimir Slepak became the most famous of the refuseniks, Jews whom the Soviet Union refused to allow to leave. The Soviets often gave no explanation for the denial of an emigration visa, though they frequently attributed it to state security.

REFUSENIK | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary

REFUSENIK definition: 1. someone in the former Soviet Union who was not allowed to leave the country to go to live in…. Learn more.

REFUSENIK definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary

REFUSENIK definition: (formerly) a Jew in the Soviet Union who had been refused permission to emigrate | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples

Refusenik (film) - Wikipedia

Refusenik is a 2007 documentary film by Laura Bialis that chronicles the struggle of Jews to emigrate from the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s. A former refusenik, Natan Sharansky, appears in the film.

Refuseniks - Encyclopedia.com

These unfortunates became known as "refuseniks," and their plight, both in itself and as shorthand for the plight of Soviet Jewry in general was a cause célèbre in the West and a sticking point in U.S.-Soviet relations.

| THE REFUSENIK PROJECT

The Refusenik Project is a free educational resource created by The Lookstein Center of Bar-Ilan University to keep the story of Soviet Jewry alive and to inspire the next generation with its message.