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      In computer systems security, role-based access control (RBAC) or role-based security is an approach to restricting system access to authorized users, and to implementing mandatory access control (MAC) or discretionary access control (DAC).
      Role-based access control is a policy-neutral access control mechanism defined around roles and privileges. The components of RBAC such as role-permissions, user-role and role-role relationships make it simple to perform user assignments. A study by NIST has demonstrated that RBAC addresses many needs of commercial and government organizations. RBAC can be used to facilitate administration of security in large organizations with hundreds of users and thousands of permissions. Although RBAC is different from MAC and DAC access control frameworks, it can enforce these policies without any complication.


      Design


      Within an organization, roles are created for various job functions. The permissions to perform certain operations are assigned to specific roles. Since users are not assigned permissions directly, but only acquire them through their role (or roles), management of individual user rights becomes a matter of simply assigning appropriate roles to the user's account; this simplifies common operations, such as adding a user, or changing a user's department.
      Three primary rules are defined for RBAC:

      Role assignment: A subject can exercise a permission only if the subject has selected or been assigned a role.
      Role authorization: A subject's active role must be authorized for the subject. With rule 1 above, this rule ensures that users can take on only roles for which they are authorized.
      Permission authorization: A subject can exercise a permission only if the permission is authorized for the subject's active role. With rules 1 and 2, this rule ensures that users can exercise only permissions for which they are authorized.
      Additional constraints may be applied as well, and roles can be combined in a hierarchy where higher-level roles subsume permissions owned by sub-roles.
      With the concepts of role hierarchy and constraints, one can control RBAC to create or simulate lattice-based access control (LBAC). Thus RBAC can be considered to be a superset of LBAC.
      When defining an RBAC model, the following conventions are useful:

      S = Subject = A person or automated agent
      R = Role = Job function or title which defines an authority level
      P = Permissions = An approval of a mode of access to a resource
      SE = Session = A mapping involving S, R and/or P
      SA = Subject Assignment
      PA = Permission Assignment
      RH = Partially ordered Role Hierarchy. RH can also be written: ≥ (The notation: x ≥ y means that x inherits the permissions of y.)
      A subject can have multiple roles.
      A role can have multiple subjects.
      A role can have many permissions.
      A permission can be assigned to many roles.
      An operation can be assigned to many permissions.
      A permission can be assigned to many operations.
      A constraint places a restrictive rule on the potential inheritance of permissions from opposing roles. Thus it can be used to achieve appropriate separation of duties. For example, the same person should not be allowed to both create a login account and to authorize the account creation.
      Thus, using set theory notation:




      P
      A
      ⊆
      P
      ×
      R


      {\displaystyle PA\subseteq P\times R}

      and is a many to many permission to role assignment relation.




      S
      A
      ⊆
      S
      ×
      R


      {\displaystyle SA\subseteq S\times R}

      and is a many to many subject to role assignment relation.




      R
      H
      ⊆
      R
      ×
      R


      {\displaystyle RH\subseteq R\times R}


      A subject may have multiple simultaneous sessions with/in different roles.


      = Standardized levels

      =
      The NIST/ANSI/INCITS RBAC standard (2004) recognizes three levels of RBAC:

      core RBAC
      hierarchical RBAC, which adds support for inheritance between roles
      constrained RBAC, which adds separation of duties


      Relation to other models


      RBAC is a flexible access control technology whose flexibility allows it to implement DAC or MAC. DAC with groups (e.g., as implemented in POSIX file systems) can emulate RBAC. MAC can simulate RBAC if the role graph is restricted to a tree rather than a partially ordered set.
      Prior to the development of RBAC, the Bell-LaPadula (BLP) model was synonymous with MAC and file system permissions were synonymous with DAC. These were considered to be the only known models for access control: if a model was not BLP, it was considered to be a DAC model, and vice versa. Research in the late 1990s demonstrated that RBAC falls in neither category. Unlike context-based access control (CBAC), RBAC does not look at the message context (such as a connection's source). RBAC has also been criticized for leading to role explosion, a problem in large enterprise systems which require access control of finer granularity than what RBAC can provide as roles are inherently assigned to operations and data types. In resemblance to CBAC, an Entity-Relationship Based Access Control (ERBAC, although the same acronym is also used for modified RBAC systems, such as Extended Role-Based Access Control) system is able to secure instances of data by considering their association to the executing subject.


      = Comparing to ACL

      =
      Access control lists (ACLs) are used in traditional discretionary access-control (DAC) systems to affect low-level data-objects. RBAC differs from ACL in assigning permissions to operations which change the direct-relations between several entities (see: ACLg below). For example, an ACL could be used for granting or denying write access to a particular system file, but it wouldn't dictate how that file could be changed. In an RBAC-based system, an operation might be to 'create a credit account' transaction in a financial application or to 'populate a blood sugar level test' record in a medical application. A Role is thus a sequence of operations within a larger activity. RBAC has been shown to be particularly well suited to separation of duties (SoD) requirements, which ensure that two or more people must be involved in authorizing critical operations. Necessary and sufficient conditions for safety of SoD in RBAC have been analyzed. An underlying principle of SoD is that no individual should be able to effect a breach of security through dual privilege. By extension, no person may hold a role that exercises audit, control or review authority over another, concurrently held role.
      Then again, a "minimal RBAC Model", RBACm, can be compared with an ACL mechanism, ACLg, where only groups are permitted as entries in the ACL. Barkley (1997) showed that RBACm and ACLg are equivalent.
      In modern SQL implementations, like ACL of the CakePHP framework, ACLs also manage groups and inheritance in a hierarchy of groups. Under this aspect, specific "modern ACL" implementations can be compared with specific "modern RBAC" implementations, better than "old (file system) implementations".
      For data interchange, and for "high level comparisons", ACL data can be translated to XACML.


      = Attribute-based access control

      =
      Attribute-based access control or ABAC is a model which evolves from RBAC to consider additional attributes in addition to roles and groups. In ABAC, it is possible to use attributes of:

      the user e.g. citizenship, clearance,
      the resource e.g. classification, department, owner,
      the action, and
      the context e.g. time, location, IP.
      ABAC is policy-based in the sense that it uses policies rather than static permissions to define what is allowed or what is not allowed.


      = Relationship-based access control

      =
      Relationship-based access control or ReBAC is a model which evolves from RBAC. In ReBAC, a subject's permission to access a resource is defined by the presence of relationships between those subjects and resources.
      The advantage of this model is that allows for fine-grained permissions; for example, in a social network where users can share posts with other specific users.


      Use and availability


      The use of RBAC to manage user privileges (computer permissions) within a single system or application is widely accepted as a best practice. A 2010 report prepared for NIST by the Research Triangle Institute analyzed the economic value of RBAC for enterprises, and estimated benefits per employee from reduced employee downtime, more efficient provisioning, and more efficient access control policy administration.
      In an organization with a heterogeneous IT infrastructure and requirements that span dozens or hundreds of systems and applications, using RBAC to manage sufficient roles and assign adequate role memberships becomes extremely complex without hierarchical creation of roles and privilege assignments. Newer systems extend the older NIST RBAC model to address the limitations of RBAC for enterprise-wide deployments. The NIST model was adopted as a standard by INCITS as ANSI/INCITS 359-2004. A discussion of some of the design choices for the NIST model has also been published.


      Potential Vulnerabilities


      Role based access control interference is a relatively new issue in security applications, where multiple user accounts with dynamic access levels may lead to encryption key instability, allowing an outside user to exploit the weakness for unauthorized access. Key sharing applications within dynamic virtualized environments have shown some success in addressing this problem.


      See also




      References




      Further reading


      David F. Ferraiolo; D. Richard Kuhn; Ramaswamy Chandramouli (2007). Role-based Access Control (2nd ed.). Artech House. ISBN 978-1-59693-113-8.


      External links


      FAQ on RBAC models and standards
      Role Based Access Controls at NIST
      XACML core and hierarchical role based access control profile
      Institute for Cyber Security at the University of Texas San Antonio
      Practical experiences in implementing RBAC

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    What is Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)?

    What is Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)?

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    Role-based access control - Wikipedia

    Role-based access control is a policy-neutral access control mechanism defined around roles and privileges. The components of RBAC such as role-permissions, user-role and role-role relationships make it simple to perform user assignments.

    Role Based Access Control RBAC - NIST Computer Security …

    Nov 21, 2016 · Role based access control (RBAC) (also called "role based security"), as formalized in 1992 by David Ferraiolo and Rick Kuhn, has become the predominant model for advanced access control because it reduces this cost.

    What is Azure role-based access control (Azure RBAC)?

    Azure role-based access control (Azure RBAC) helps you manage who has access to Azure resources, what they can do with those resources, and what areas they have access to. Azure RBAC is an authorization system built on Azure Resource Manager that provides fine-grained access management to Azure resources.

    What is Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)? Examples, Benefits …

    Jan 16, 2025 · Role-based access control (RBAC), also known as role-based security, is an access control method that assigns permissions to end-users based on their role within your organization. RBAC provides fine-grained control, offering a simple, manageable approach to access management that is less error-prone than individually assigning permissions.

    Role-based Access Control - GeeksforGeeks

    Apr 20, 2023 · Role-based Access Control – The concept of Role-based Access Control is to create a set of permissions and assign these permissions to a user or group. With the help of these permissions, only limited access to users can be provided therefore level of security is …

    role-based access control (RBAC) - Glossary | CSRC

    Access control based on user roles (i.e., a collection of access authorizations a user receives based on an explicit or implicit assumption of a given role). Role permissions may be inherited through a role hierarchy and typically reflect the permissions needed to perform defined functions within an organization.

    What is role-based access control (RBAC)? - IBM

    Aug 20, 2024 · Role-based access control (RBAC) is a model for authorizing end-user access to systems, applications and data based on a user’s predefined role.

    What is role-based access control (RBAC)? - TechTarget

    Role-based access control (RBAC) is a method of restricting network access based on the roles of individual users within an enterprise. Organizations use RBAC -- also called role-based security -- to parse levels of access based on an employee's roles and responsibilities.

    The Definitive Guide to Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)

    Jan 2, 2025 · Role-based access control (RBAC) is a security approach that authorizes and restricts system access to users based on their role (s) within an organization.

    Role Based Access Control (RBAC) - Rapid7

    Role-based access control (RBAC) is a cornerstone of enterprise cybersecurity that restricts system and network access based on the roles assigned to individual users within an organization. Unlike traditional access control methods, RBAC associates permissions with predefined roles rather than assigning them directly to users, creating a more ...