sanguinarine

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      Sanguinarine is a polycyclic quaternary alkaloid. It is extracted from some plants, including the bloodroot plant, from whose scientific name, Sanguinaria canadensis, its name is derived; the Mexican prickly poppy (Argemone mexicana); Chelidonium majus; and Macleaya cordata.


      Toxicity


      Sanguinarine is a toxin that kills animal cells through its action on the Na+/K+-ATPase transmembrane protein. Epidemic dropsy is a disease that results from ingesting sanguinarine.
      If applied to the skin, sanguinarine may cause a massive scab of dead flesh where it killed the cells where it was applied, called an eschar. For this reason, sanguinarine is termed an escharotic.
      It is said to be 2.5 times more toxic than dihydrosanguinarine.


      Alternative medicine


      Native Americans once used sanguinarine in the form of bloodroot as a medical remedy, believing it had curative properties as an emetic, respiratory aid, and for a variety of ailments. In Colonial America, sanguinarine from bloodroot was used as a wart remedy. Later, in 1869, William Cook's The Physiomedical Dispensatory included information on the preparation and uses of sanguinarine. During the 1920s and 1930s, sanguinarine was the chief component of "Pinkard's Sanguinaria Compound," a drug sold by Dr. John Henry Pinkard. Pinkard advertised the compound as "a treatment, remedy, and cure for pneumonia, coughs, weak lungs, asthma, kidney, liver, bladder, or any stomach troubles, and effective as a great blood and nerve tonic." In 1931, several samples of the compound were seized by federal officials who determined Pinkard's claims to be fraudulent. Pinkard pleaded guilty in court and accepted a fine of $25.00.
      More recently, sanguinarine from bloodroot has been promoted by many alternative medicine companies as a treatment or cure for cancer; however, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration warns that products containing bloodroot, or other sanguinarine-based plants, have no proven anti-cancer effects, and that they should be avoided on those grounds. Meanwhile, Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration also advise consumers not to purchase or use products marketed as containing Sanguinaria canadensis to cure or treat cancer, including certain types of skin cancer. Indeed, oral use of such products has been associated with oral leukoplakia, a possible precursor of oral cancer. In addition, the escharotic form of sanguinarine, applied to the skin for skin cancers, may leave cancerous cells alive in the skin while creating a significant scar. For this reason it is not recommended as a skin cancer treatment.


      Biosynthesis


      In plants, sanguinarine biosynthesis begins with 4-hydroxyphenyl-acetaldehyde and dopamine. These two compounds are combined to form norcoclaurine. Next, methyl groups are added to form N-methylcoclaurine. The enzyme CYP80B1 subsequently adds a hydroxyl group, forming 3'-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine. The addition of another methyl group transforms this compound into reticuline.
      Notably, biosynthesis of sanguinarine up to this point is virtually identical to that of morphine. However, instead of being converted to codeinone (as in the biosynthesis of morphine), reticuline is converted to scoulerine via berberine bridge enzyme (BBE). As such, this is the commitment step in the sanguinarine pathway. Although it is unknown exactly how scoulerine proceeds down the biosynthetic pathway, it is eventually converted to dihydrosanguinarine. The precursor to sanguinarine, dihydrosanguinarine is converted to the final toxin via the action of dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase.


      See also


      Berberine, a plant-derived compound having a chemical classification similar to that of sanguinarine.
      Chelidonine


      References

    Kata Kunci Pencarian: sanguinarine

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    sanguinarine

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    Sanguinarine - Wikipedia

    Sanguinarine is a polycyclic quaternary alkaloid. It is extracted from some plants, including the bloodroot plant, from whose scientific name, Sanguinaria canadensis, its name is derived; the Mexican prickly poppy (Argemone mexicana); [1] Chelidonium majus; and Macleaya cordata.

    Sanguinarium | C20H14NO4+ | CID 5154 - PubChem

    Sanguinarine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, an alkaloid antibiotic and a botanical anti-fungal agent. Sanguinarine has been reported in Corydalis ophiocarpa, Glaucium squamigerum, and other organisms with data available. Sanguinarine is found in opium poppy.

    Bioactivity and mechanism of action of sanguinarine and its …

    Apr 1, 2024 · Sanguinarine is a quaternary ammonium benzophenanthine alkaloid found in traditional herbs such as Chelidonium, Corydalis, Sanguinarum, and Borovula. It has been proven to possess broad-spectrum biological activities, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporosis, neuroprotective, and antipathogenic microorganism activities.

    Sanguinaria canadensis: - PubMed Central (PMC)

    Sanguinaria canadensis is a herbaceous North American plant with a history of ethnobotanical use [2]. The rhizome of the plant, also known as bloodroot because of its red latex, contains a number of biologically active alkaloids that have been investigated as …

    Sanguinarine: A Double-Edged Sword of Anticancer and

    Oct 28, 2021 · Background: Sanguinarine, a kind of benzophenanthridine alkaloid, is a natural compound with potential development value for its anticancer activity. Hundreds of studies have been carried out in vivo or in vitro, trying to make it feasible for the anticancer clinic medication of …

    Sanguinarine and Its Role in Chronic Diseases - PubMed

    Sanguinarine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid derived from rhizomes of the plant species Sanguinaria canadensis. The alkaloid can exist in the cationic iminium and neutral alkanolamine forms. Sanguinarine is an excellent DNA and RNA intercalator where only the iminium ion binds.

    An Update of the Sanguinarine and Benzophenanthridine …

    There is an increasing interest in sanguinarine and other BZD alkaloids due to their diverse pharmacological effects and possible functions in plant–environment interactions. Here, a review of the new advances on the BDZ biosynthetic process and physiological roles is presented.

    Toxicological Effects of Berberine and Sanguinarine - PMC

    Sanguinarine [13-methyl (1,3) benzodioxolo (5,6-c)-1,3-dioxolo (4,5) phenanthridinium] is a toxin that kills animal cells through its action on the Na + -K + -ATPase transmembrane protein. Berberine, on the other hand, has been reported to cause cytotoxicity and adversely influence the synthesis of DNA.

    Sanguinarine, a promising anticancer therapeutic: photochemical …

    Sanguinarine is a benzophenanthridine plant alkaloid with remarkable therapeutic utility. It undergoes photochemical changes and also forms strong complexes with nucleic acids, the latter being considered to be one of the important determinant for its therapeutic action, particularly the anticancer activity.

    Sanguinarine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

    Sanguinarine is a powerful escharotic contained in the root of Sanguinaria canadensis. Herbalists prescribe bloodroot for multiple conditions including skin lesions and sore throats.