Artikel: Scientific calculator GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi

    • Source: Scientific calculator

      • A scientific calculator is an electronic calculator, either desktop or handheld, designed to perform calculations using basic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and advanced (trigonometric, hyperbolic, etc.) mathematical operations and functions. They have completely replaced slide rules as well as books of mathematical tables and are used in both educational and professional settings.
      In some areas of study and professions scientific calculators have been replaced by graphing calculators and financial calculators which have the capabilities of a scientific calculator along with the capability to graph input data and functions, as well as by numerical computing, computer algebra, statistical, and spreadsheet software packages running on personal computers. Both desktop and mobile software calculators can also emulate many functions of a physical scientific calculator. Standalone scientific calculators remain popular in secondary and tertiary education because computers and smartphones are often prohibited during exams to reduce the likelihood of cheating.


      Functions


      When electronic calculators were originally marketed they normally had only four or five capabilities (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and square root). Modern scientific calculators generally have many more capabilities than the original four- or five-function calculator, and the capabilities differ between manufacturers and models.
      The capabilities of a modern scientific calculator include:

      Scientific notation
      Floating-point decimal arithmetic
      Logarithmic functions, using both base 10 and base e
      Trigonometric functions (some including hyperbolic trigonometry)
      Exponential functions and roots beyond the square root
      Quick access to constants such as π and e
      In addition, high-end scientific calculators generally include some or all of the following:

      Cursor controls to edit equations and view previous calculations (some calculators such as the LCD-8310, badge engineered under both Olympia and United Office keep the number of the previous result on-screen for convenience while the new calculation is being entered.)
      Hexadecimal, binary, and octal calculations, including basic Boolean mathematics
      Complex numbers
      Fractions calculations
      Statistics and probability calculations
      Programmability — see Programmable calculator
      Equation solving and computer algebra
      Matrix calculations
      Calculus
      Letters that can be used for spelling words or including variables into an equation
      Conversion of units
      Physical constants
      Vector calculations
      Random number generation
      While most scientific calculators have traditionally used a single-line display similar to traditional pocket calculators, many of them have more digits (10 to 12), sometimes with extra digits for the floating-point exponent. A few have multi-line displays, with some models from Hewlett-Packard, Texas Instruments (both US manufacturers), Casio, Sharp, and Canon (all three Japanese makers) using dot matrix displays similar to those found on graphing calculators.


      Uses



      Scientific calculators are used widely in situations that require quick access to certain mathematical functions, especially those that were once looked up in mathematical tables, such as trigonometric functions or logarithms. They are also used for calculations of very large or very small numbers, as in some aspects of astronomy, physics, and chemistry.
      They are very often required for math classes from the junior high school level through college, and are generally either permitted or required on many standardized tests covering math and science subjects; as a result, many are sold into educational markets to cover this demand, and some high-end models include features making it easier to translate a problem on a textbook page into calculator input, e.g. by providing a method to enter an entire problem in as it is written on the page using simple formatting tools.


      History



      The first scientific calculator that included all of the basic ideas above was the programmable Hewlett-Packard HP-9100A, released in 1968, though the Wang LOCI-2 and the Mathatronics Mathatron had some features later identified with scientific calculator designs. The HP-9100 series was built entirely from discrete transistor logic with no integrated circuits, and was one of the first uses of the CORDIC algorithm for trigonometric computation in a personal computing device, as well as the first calculator based on reverse Polish notation (RPN) entry. HP became closely identified with RPN calculators from then on, and even today some of their high-end calculators (particularly the long-lived HP-12C financial calculator and the HP-48 series of graphing calculators) still offer RPN as their default input mode due to having garnered a very large following.
      The HP-35, introduced on February 1, 1972, was Hewlett-Packard's first pocket calculator and the world's first handheld scientific calculator. Like some of HP's desktop calculators it used RPN. Introduced at US$395, the HP-35 was available from 1972 to 1975.
      Texas Instruments (TI), after the production of several units with scientific notation, introduced a handheld scientific calculator on January 15, 1974, in the form of the SR-50. TI's long-running TI-30 series being one of the most widely used scientific calculators in classrooms.
      Casio, Canon, and Sharp, produced their graphing calculators, with Casio's FX series (beginning with the Casio FX-1 in 1972). Casio was the first company to produce a Graphing calculator (Casio fx-7000G).


      See also


      Formula calculator
      Calculator input methods
      Software calculators


      References

    Kata Kunci Pencarian:

    scientific calculatorscientific calculator casioscientific calculator adalahscientific calculator apkscientific calculator downloadscientific calculator hargascientific calculator joykoscientific calculator for pcscientific calculator appscientific calculator modSearch Results

    Artikel Terkait "scientific calculator"

    JLA FORUMS - FOR SALE - Nevada

    FREEWARE Smoking Calculator at Download.com. eBay: NEVADA 437 acres of ranch land in Pershing County.

    Texas Instruments BAII Plus Professional Financial Calculator (N ...

    07 Agu 2010 · FOR SALE - Raleigh - Durham, NC 2 - Its Next to a Brand New Calculator. its great for college students, high school geeks, professional financial people etc ... Texas Instruments BAII Plus Professional Financial Calculator (N.Raleigh, Glenwood and pleasant valley) $20 - …

    IIS7 is binding to too many IP addresses - JLA FORUMS

    13 Mei 2009 · Windows Server - IIS - My Windows Server 2008 has mulitple IP addresses assigned to the one NIC. I need IIS7 to only bind to one of the IP address so anothe ...

    FOR SALE - Edmonton - JLA FORUMS

    5 days ago · Thank You for 20 years! We want to thank everyone for their support over the past 20 years! JLA FORUMS went online Wednesday - November 17th, 2004 at 12:31p

    PICS: Allyson Horgan-Wallace NIP SLIP - JLA FORUMS

    08 Apr 2014 · WATERCOOLER - You gotta love drunk chicks who are oblivious to wardrobe malfunctions. Quote: Aisleyne Horgan-Wallace born 28 December 1978 in London) is a B ...

    FOR SALE - Wichita Falls, TX - JLA FORUMS

    28 Jan 2025 · Thank You for 20 years! We want to thank everyone for their support over the past 20 years! JLA FORUMS went online Wednesday - November 17th, 2004 at 12:31p

    NEW PROCESS A833 TRANSMISSION (NEW CASTLE) $600

    25 Agu 2011 · new process a833 transmission 4 speed 1980-1987 gm truck aluminum case c-15390 c-15397 tail shaft 1-spline 1" diam.