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A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that transfers structural load to the Earth very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths, as does a deep foundation. Customarily, a shallow foundation is considered as such when the width of the entire foundation is greater than its depth. In comparison to deep foundations, shallow foundations are less technical, thus making them more economical and the most widely used for relatively light structures.
Types
Footings are always wider than the members that they support. Structural loads from a column or wall are usually greater than 1,000 kPa, while the soil's bearing capacity is commonly less than that (typically less than 400 kPa). By possessing a larger bearing area, the foundation distributes the pressure to the soil, decreasing the bearing pressure to within allowable values. A structure is not limited to one footing. Multiple types of footings may be used in a construction project.
= Wall footing
=Also called strip footing, a wall footing is a continuous strip that supports structural and non-structural load-bearing walls. Found directly under the wall, Its width is commonly 2-3 times wider than the wall above it.
= Isolated footing
=Also called single-column footing, an isolated footing is a square, rectangular, or circular slab that supports the structural members individually. Generally, each column is set on an individual footing to transmit and distribute the load of the structure to the soil underneath. Sometimes, an isolated footing can be sloped or stepped at the base to spread greater loads. This type of footing is used when the structural load is relatively low, columns are widely spaced, and the soil's bearing capacity is adequate at a shallow depth.
= Combined footing
=When more than one column shares the same footing, it is called a combined footing. A combined footing is typically utilized when the spacing of the columns is too restricted such that if isolated footing were used, they would overlap one another. Also, when property lines make isolated footings eccentrically loaded, combined footings are preferred.
When the load among the columns is equal, the combined footing may be rectangular. Conversely, when the load among the columns is unequal, the combined footing should be trapezoidal.
= Strap footing
=A strap footing connects individual columns with the use of a strap beam. The general purpose of a strap footing is alike to those of a combined footing, where the spacing is possibly limited and/or the columns are adjacent to the property lines.
= Mat foundation
=Also called raft foundation, a mat foundation is a single continuous slab that covers the entirety of the base of a building. Mat foundations support all the loads of the structure and transmit them to the ground evenly. Soil conditions may prevent other footings from being used. Since this type of foundation distributes the load coming from the building uniformly over a considerably large area, it is favored when individual footings are unfeasible due to the low bearing capacity of the soil.
Slab-on-grade foundation
Slab-on-grade or floating slab foundations are a structural engineering practice whereby the concrete slab that is to serve as the foundation for the structure is formed from a mold set into the ground. The concrete is then placed into the mold, leaving no space between the ground and the structure. This type of construction is most often seen in warmer climates, where ground freezing and thawing is less of a concern and where there is no need for heat ducting underneath the floor. That being said, Frost Protected Shallow Foundations (or FPSF) which are used in areas of potential frost heave, are a form of slab-on-grade foundation.
Remodeling or extending such a structure may be more difficult. Over the long term, ground settling (or subsidence) may be a problem, as a slab foundation cannot be readily jacked up to compensate; proper soil compaction prior to pour can minimize this. The slab can be decoupled from ground temperatures by insulation, with the concrete poured directly over insulation (for example, extruded polystyrene foam panels), or heating provisions (such as hydronic heating) can be built into the slab.
Slab-on-grade foundations should not be used in areas with expansive clay soil. While elevated structural slabs actually perform better on expansive clays, it is generally accepted by the engineering community that slab-on-grade foundations offer the greatest cost-to-performance ratio for tract homes. Elevated structural slabs are generally only found on custom homes or homes with basements.
Copper piping, commonly used to carry natural gas and water, reacts with concrete over a long period, slowly degrading until the pipe fails. This can lead to what is commonly referred to as slab leaks. These occur when pipes begin to leak from within the slab. Signs of a slab leak range from unexplained dampened carpet spots, to drops in water pressure and wet discoloration on exterior foundation walls. Copper pipes must be lagged (that is, insulated) or run through a conduit or plumbed into the building above the slab. Electrical conduits through the slab must be water-tight, as they extend below ground level and can potentially expose wiring to groundwater.
See also
Argillipedoturbation
Building construction
Construction engineering
Fiber reinforced concrete
Precast concrete
Prestressed concrete
Tie rod
Rebar
Steel fixer
Formwork
Grade beam
References
External links
Raft or Mat Foundations
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Artikel Terkait "shallow foundation"
Shallow Foundation - Definition, Types, Uses And Diagrams
A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that transfers building loads to the earth very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation.
Types of Shallow Foundations and their Uses - The Constructor
Shallow foundations are constructed where soil layer at shallow depth (upto 1.5m) is able to support the structural loads. The depth of shallow foundations are generally less than its width.
Shallow foundation - Wikipedia
A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that transfers structural load to the Earth very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths, as does a deep foundation.
What is a Shallow Foundation? - Civil Today
A shallow foundation is a type of foundation that transfers building loads to the earth very near the surface, rather than to deeper soil or rock layers. Shallow foundations are typically used for small, simple structures such as houses, garages, and sheds.
Shallow Foundations types and applications - Structural Guide
Shallow foundations are the type of foundations that are constructed at a shallower depth, not like deep foundations. In general, the depth of the foundation is about 1m. This is a general value, based on the condition of the ground, and as per the nature of the structure, this depth may vary.
What is Shallow Foundation? Its Types, Design Steps. - CivilSeek
18 Des 2018 · A shallow foundation is one which is placed on a firm soil near the ground, and beneath the lowest part of the superstructure. A deep foundation is one which is placed on a …
Shallow Foundations Explained - What they Are & Why We Use …
14 Des 2021 · A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that sits closer to the earth. Shallow foundations are wider than they are deep, making them cheaper and quicker to build.
What is a Shallow Foundation? Types of Shallow Foundation
17 Mei 2024 · A shallow foundation, also known as a spread footing, is a type of foundation that transfers the weight of a building or structure to the surrounding soil close to the surface.
Shallow foundations - MiMaEd
Define shallow foundations as structural elements that transmit building loads to the earth’s surface, usually located at shallow depths beneath the ground level. Discuss their primary function of distributing loads efficiently while ensuring stability.
Shallow Foundations and Its Types - Construction How
13 Des 2023 · Let’s discuss the shallow foundation; what is shallow foundation, why it should be used and what are the types of shallow foundations. A shallow foundation transmits the loads of a building to the earth extremely close to the surface, as opposed to …