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      The Spiritual Baptist faith is a religion created by persons of African ancestry in the plantations they came to in the former British West Indies countries predominantly in the islands of Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tobago and the Virgin Islands. It is syncretic Afro-Caribbean religion that combines elements of the many varied traditional African religions brought by the enslaved populations combined with Christianity. Spiritual Baptists consider themselves to be Christians.
      The Baptist faith has a different beginning in the nation of Trinidad, as unlike the spiritual baptist tradition in the other countries where the religion developed in the plantations where the enslaved were sent, the religion in Trinidad was brought into the country by the Merikins, former American slaves who were recruited by the British to fight, as the Corps of Colonial Marines, against the Americans during the War of 1812. After the end of the war, these ex-slaves were settled in Trinidad, to the east of the Mission of Savannah Grande (now known as Princes Town) in six villages, since then called the Company Villages.
      These American settlers brought with them the Baptist faith of the Second Great Awakening combined with, in the case of those from Georgia, the Gullah culture. With the coming of missionaries of the Baptist Missionary Society from Great Britain, the Baptist faith in the Company Villages was much affected, but despite the ensuing schism between the so-called London Baptists and the rest, the Baptist congregations of the Company Villages, even including those with Gullah origins, retained so little visible African influence in their practice that John Hackshaw was able to give a different view of the Baptists in the north of the country:

      "While those that settled in the 'Company Villages' were exposed to the Baptist Missionary Society's influence, those that settled in the North practiced their beliefs as brought from America with the inclusion of African religious practice and beliefs joined by those they met here which blossomed into the group now known as 'Spiritual Baptists'."
      The faith expanded to Barbados in 1957 as the Sons of God Apostolic Spiritual Baptists movement. It now ranks as one of two indigenous religions in the country, the other being the Rastafari religion. Archbishop Granville Williams, who was born in Barbados, lived for 16 years in Trinidad and Tobago, where he witnessed the local Spiritual Baptists. Becoming enthusiastic about the Trinidadian movement, he asserted that he had seen a vision and heard the voice of God. Upon returning to Barbados he held the first open-air meeting in Oistins, Christ Church. Due to a well received response in Barbados, he quickly established the Jerusalem Apostolic Spiritual Baptist Church in Ealing Grove. This church was quickly followed by Zion at Richmond Gap. As of 1999 the following in Barbados had reached around 1,900 and the Jerusalem church had been rebuilt to seat 3,000.


      Name


      The local name of the Spiritual Baptist in Trinidad are called the Shouters which derives from the characteristic practice of the religion. Followers are very vocal in singing, praying, and preaching. However, shouter is seen as a derogatory term and the term spiritual is preferred due to the practice of invoking the Holy Spirit during worship.
      Spiritual Baptists in St Vincent are locally called the shakers due to their practice of invoking the Holy Spirit during their praise and worship. Vincentian Baptists are also known colloquially as 'Converted', speaking to them being converted to Christianity during slavery.


      Religious focus


      The activities of the Spiritual Baptists in Trinidad and Tobago were prohibited in 1917 by the Shouter Prohibition Ordinance, which was eventually repealed in 1951. The late opposition parliamentarian Ashford Sinanan moved to repeal the ordinance under the PNM government and was successful. Today Spiritual Baptists can practise their religion freely. The United National Congress granted them a national holiday and also gave them land on which to establish their headquarters.


      Typical attire


      The colours of the headdress or clothes vary and represent the 'spiritual cities', the saints with which the individual most relates, or various qualities of belief.


      = Males

      =
      Men can wear a headwrap however the very top of the head is usually left uncovered. Men tend to wear a gown or short cassocks. Persons of higher rank (Shepherds, Reverends, Bishops, etc.) can wear a surplice over the gown.


      = Females

      =
      Headtie – As mentioned in the Bible at 1 Corinthians 11:13, the dress, the apron, and cords, sashes, and or a belt as given in the Faith and are revealed as the individual increases knowledge along their spiritual journey.


      Holiday


      In 1996 the Government of Trinidad and Tobago granted a public holiday to the Spiritual Baptist faith, to be celebrated on 30 March, called Spiritual Baptist/Shouter Liberation Day, in memory of the struggle and in recognition of the repeal of the prohibition law. Trinidad and Tobago is the only country that celebrates a public holiday for the Spiritual Baptist faith.


      Shango Baptists


      Shango Baptists was created in Trinidad and only practiced in Trinidad. It has no relation to the spiritual baptist religion. Shango is the practice of the Trinidad Orisha religion. In Trinidad, Orisha is also called Shango, and the term "Shango Baptist" is sometimes used to describe worshipers who are involved with both Spiritual Baptism and Orisha/Shango. The term "Shango Baptist" has come to have negative connotations for some worshippers of both Spiritual Baptism and Orisha/Shango, who argue that those who say "Shango Baptist" conflate the two religions, when in fact they are completely separate religions. As some have said, "There is no thing as Shango Baptist. Shango is Shango. Baptist is Baptist". Others say that Shango Baptists simply "wear two hats"; their mixture of "Baptist and Orisha practices" is a result of similar oppression by colonial authorities in Trinidad.
      In practice, the Trinidad Orisha religion is not connected with the Spiritual Baptisms. Orisha worship services are not similar to and not held at the same locations as Spiritual Baptist churches.


      Places of worship of Spiritual Baptist




      = Grenada

      =
      Children Of The Light Spiritual Baptist International Archdiocese Inc. (La Sagesse St. David's)
      Mt. Paran S.B. Church (Grand Anse Vally)
      Faith Deliverance S.B. Church (Woodlands)
      Mt. Calvary S.B. Church (River Road)
      Mt. Olive S.B. Church (Prospect)
      Mt. Zion S.B. Church (Mt. Rodney)
      Rock In The Weary Land S.B. Church (Coals Gap)
      St Ann's Mystical Healing Chapel (Marigot, St John)


      = Barbados

      =
      The Cathedral Church of Jerusalem – Ealing Grove, Christ Church
      Beulah Temple – Bishops, St. Lucy
      Zion Apostolic Temple – Richmond Gap, St. Michael
      Jeremiah Spiritual Baptist Church, Enterprise Main Road, Christ Church


      = Canada

      =
      Sacred Heart Spiritual Baptist Church in Montreal, Quebec
      The Shouters National Evangelical Spiritual Baptist Faith International Centre (NESBF) in Toronto, Ontario
      St. Theresa's Well of Life Spiritual Baptist Tabernacle Inc
      The Council of Spiritual Baptist Elders of Canada


      = Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

      =
      Mt. Olivet S.B. Church, (Layou)
      St, Bethel S.B. Church, (Mt. Carmel)
      St. Joseph S.B. Church
      St. Mary's S.B. Church


      = Trinidad and Tobago

      =
      Mt Prizgar Spiritual Baptist Church, Lp#1103 E.M.Rd, Manzanilla
      Holy Faith Spiritual Baptist Tabernacle
      Faith International Baptist Convention
      St. Benedict Baptist Church, La Romaine
      St. Peter's House of Prayer, Morvant
      Mt Prizgar Spiritual Baptist Angels of God Archdiocese, Manzanilla
      St.Ann's Church of Spiritual Metaphysics, Mc Bean Couva.


      = United States

      =
      Ark of the Covenant Spiritual Baptist Church – Dorchester, Boston, Massachusetts
      Angels of the New Jerusalem S.B.C. – Baltimore, Maryland
      Bethlehem Church – Brooklyn, New York City, New York
      House of Esther Divine Ministries S.B.C; Brooklyn, New York City, New York
      Spirit Divine House of Melchizedek International S.C.Inc. Brooklyn New York
      Mt. Pisgah S.B.C – Dorchester, Boston, Massachusetts
      Pillar of Fire Church – Dorchester, Boston, Massachusetts
      Sacred Heart of Jesus International S.B.C. – Washington, D.C.
      Scarlet Cord Cathedral – New Bedford, Massachusetts
      St. John's S.B.C – Brooklyn, New York City, New York
      St. Catherine #2 S.B.C. – Brooklyn, New York City, New York
      United Congregation El Behel – Brooklyn, New York City, New York
      Zion Apostolic S.B.C – Hyde Park, Boston, Massachusetts
      Rock of Ages Spiritual Baptist Church(Lithonia Georgia)Panola Road


      = United Kingdom

      =
      Mt Moriah S.B.C. London (UK)
      Melchisedec S.B.C. London (UK)


      See also


      Orisha
      Baptism with the Holy Spirit
      Religion in Trinidad and Tobago


      References




      Further reading


      Spiritual Baptist Liberation Day, Trinidad and Tobago National Library and Information System Authority (NALIS).
      Glazier, Stephen D. (ed.), Encyclopedia of African and African-American Religions, Routledge, 2001.
      Shepherd, King. 5 Aug 2014. The Rituals & Rudiments of the Spiritual Baptist Church - The Apostle of Faith, Interview, Youtube.com
      Duncan, Carol B. This Spot of Ground: the Spiritual Baptists in Toronto. Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2008.
      Gall, Timothy L. (ed). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life: Vol. 2 - Americas. Cleveland, Ohio: Eastword Publications Development (1998); pp. 76–77.
      Glazier, Stephen D. Marching the Pilgrims Home: Leadership and Decision-Making in an Afro Baptist Faith Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983.
      Glazier, Stephen D. 1999. "The Noise of Astonishment: Spiritual Baptist Music in Context", in John W. Pulis (ed.), Religion, Diaspora, and Cultural Identity: A Reader in the Anglophone Caribbean, New York and Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, pp. 277–294.
      Glazier, Stephen D. 1996. "Changes in the Spiritual Baptist Religion, 1976-1990", in Manfred Kremser (ed.), Ay BoBo: Afro-Caribbean Cults: Identity and Resistance. Teil 1: Kulte. Wien: Institut fur Volkerkunde der Universitat Wien, pp. 107–114.
      Glazier, Stephen D. 1993. "Responding to the Anthropologist: When the Spiritual Baptists of Trinidad Read What I Write About Them", in Caroline B. Brettell (ed.), When They Read What We Write: The Politics of Ethnography. New York: Bergin and Garvey, pp. 37–48.
      Keeney, Bradford. Shakers of St. Vincent. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Ringing Rocks Press, 2002.
      Scott, Caroline 1999. Insight Guide Barbados. Discovery Channel and Insight Guides; fourth edition, Singapore, p. 85, ISBN 0-88729-033-7.
      Zane, Wallace W. 1999. Journeys to the Spiritual Lands: the Natural History of a West Indian Religion. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.


      External links


      Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
      West Indian United Spiritual Baptist Sacred Order
      Spiritual Baptist Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago
      Spiritual Baptists in Trinidad and Tobago
      Cult Music of Trinidad - a 1961 album of music by the Shango and Spiritual Baptist followers in Trinidad. Free downloadable liner notes and music clips
      Spiritual Baptist Music of Trinidad 1981 - album and free downloadable liner notes and music clips

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