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Sulfation is the chemical reaction that entails the addition of SO3 group. In principle, many sulfations would involve reactions of sulfur trioxide (SO3). In practice, most sulfations are effected less directly. Regardless of the mechanism, the installation of a sulfate-like group on a substrate leads to substantial changes.




Sulfation in industry






= Sulfation of calcium oxides

=
Sulfation is a process used to remove "sulfur" from the combustion of fossil fuels. The goal is to minimize the pollution by the combusted gases. Combustion of sulfur-containing fuels releases sulfur dioxide, which, in the atmosphere, oxidizes to the equivalent of sulfuric acid, which is corrosive. To minimize the problem, the combustion is often conducted in the presence of calcium oxide or calcium carbonate, which, directly or indirectly, bind sulfur dioxide and some oxygen to give calcium sulfite. The net reaction is:

CaO + SO2 → CaSO3
2 CaSO3 + O2 → 2 CaSO4
or the net reaction is sulfation, the addition of SO3:

CaO + SO3 → CaSO3
In the idealized scenario, the calcium sulfate (gypsum) is used as a construction material or, less desirably, deposited in a landfill.




= Other inorganic sulfations

=




= Detergents, cosmetics, etc.

=
Sulfation is widely used in the production of consumer products such as detergents, shampoos, and cosmetics. Since the sulfate group is highly polar, its conjugation to a lipophilic "tail" gives surfacant-like properties. Well known sulfates are sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium laureth sulfate.
Alkylsulfate are produced from alcohols by reaction with chlorosulfuric acid:

ClSO3H + RCH2OH → ROSO3H + HCl
Alternatively, alcohols can be sulfated to the half sulfate esters using sulfur trioxide. The reaction proceeds by initial formation of the pyrosulfate:

2 SO3 + RCH2OH → RCH2OSO2−O−SO3H
RCH2OSO2−O−SO3H → RCH2OSO3H + SO3
Several million tons of fatty acid sulfates are produced in this way annually. The most common example is sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) derived from lauryl alcohol.




Sulfation in biology



In biology, sulfation is typically effected by sulfotransferases, which catalyze the transfer of the equivalent of sulfur trioxide to substrate alcohols and phenols, converting the latter to sulfate esters.
The source of the SO3 group is usually 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). When the substrate is an amine, the result is a sulfamate. Sulfation is one of the principal routes for post-translational modification of proteins.
Sulfation is involved in a variety of biological processes, including detoxification, hormone regulation, molecular recognition, cell signaling, and viral entry into cells. It is among the reactions in phase II drug metabolism, frequently effective in rendering a xenobiotic less active from a pharmacological and toxicological standpoint, but sometimes playing a role in the activation of xenobiotics (e.g. aromatic amines, methyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Sulfate is part of sulfolipids, such as sulfatides, which constitute 20% of the galactolipids in myelin. Another example of biological sulfation is in the synthesis of sulfonated glycosaminoglycans, such as heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate. Sulfation is also a possible posttranslational modification of proteins.




= Tyrosine sulfation

=
Tyrosine sulfation is a posttranslational modification in which a tyrosine residue of a protein is sulfated by a tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) typically in the Golgi apparatus. Secreted proteins and extracellular parts of membrane proteins that pass through the Golgi apparatus may be sulfated. Sulfation occurs in animals and plants but not in prokaryotes or in yeasts. Sulfation sites are tyrosine residues exposed on the surface of the protein typically surrounded by acidic residues. The function of sulfation remains uncertain.



Regulation of tyrosine sulfation

Very limited evidence suggests that the TPST genes are subject to transcriptional regulation and tyrosine O-sulfate is very stable and cannot be easily degraded by mammalian sulfatases. Tyrosine O-sulfation is an irreversible process in vivo. An antibody called PSG2 shows high sensitivity and specificity for epitopes containing sulfotyrosine independent of the sequence context. New tools are being developed to study TPST's, using synthetic peptides and small molecule screens.




= Seagrasses

=
Many edible seaweeds are composed on highly sulfated polysaccharides.
The evolution of several sulfotransferases appears to have facilitated the adaptation of the terrestrial ancestors of seagrasses to a new marine habitat.




See also


Glucuronidation
Methylation
Hydrogenation
Rosemary Waring
Acetylation




References



Moore KL (2003). "The biology and enzymology of protein tyrosine O-sulfation". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (27): 24243–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.R300008200. PMID 12730193.
Hoffhines AJ; Damoc, E; Bridges, KG; Leary, JA; Moore, KL (2006). "Detection and purification of tyrosine-sulfated proteins using a novel anti-sulfotyrosine monoclonal antibody". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (49): 37877–87. doi:10.1074/jbc.M609398200. PMC 1764208. PMID 17046811.

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Sulfasi
• Russula virescens
• Sulfation
• Sulfate
• Tyrosine sulfation
• Lead–acid battery
• Heparan sulfate
• Chondroitin sulfate
• Minoxidil sulfate
• Magnesium sulfate
• Sodium sulfate
• Ammonium sulfate

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Sulfation - Wikipedia

Sulfation is a process used to remove "sulfur" from the combustion of fossil fuels. The goal is to minimize the pollution by the combusted gases. Combustion of sulfur-containing fuels releases sulfur dioxide, which, in the atmosphere, oxidizes to …

What is a Sulfated Battery and How to Prevent It

Jun 22, 2017 · Sulfation occurs when a battery is deprived of a full charge; it builds up and remains on battery plates. When too much sulfation occurs, it can impede the chemical-to-electrical conversion and significantly impact battery performance. When your battery has a buildup of sulfates, the following can happen:

Sulfation | Redox Reactions, Oxidizing Agents & Sulfuric Acid

sulfation, in chemistry, any of several methods by which esters or salts of sulfuric acid (sulfates) are formed. The esters are commonly prepared by treating an alcohol with sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide, chlorosulfuric acid, or sulfamic acid.

Sulfation: What it is and How to Prevent it - batteriesinaflash.com

Oct 17, 2013 · When a battery is not used regularly, a chemical reaction called sulfation can occur. When this occurs, the battery will struggle to receive, hold and produce a charge.

BU-804b: Sulfation and How to Prevent it - Battery University

Feb 8, 2024 · There are two types of sulfation: reversible (or soft sulfation), and permanent (or hard sulfation). If a battery is serviced early, reversible sulfation can often be corrected by applying an overcharge to an already fully charged battery in the form of …

Difference Between Sulfonation and Sulfation | Definition, …

Jan 12, 2018 · Sulfonation is the process of preparing organic sulfonic acids. In this process, compounds like sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid and chlorosulfuric acid react with organic compounds. Sulfation is also an important chemical process that involves the formation of a C-O-S bond.

Sulfation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Sulfation (also found as sulfurylation) is an essential posttranslational modification of many molecules including proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. The reaction is also one of the major conjugating pathways responsible for the detoxification and subsequent elimination of xenobiotics and endogenous small molecules in eukaryotes.

Sulfonation and Sulfation Processes - Chemithon

Sulfonation and sulfation are major industrial chemical processes used to make a diverse range of products, including dyes and color intensifiers, pigments, medicinals, pesticides and organic intermediates.

Make the Bad Sulfation Go Away! - Battery Stuff

Oct 16, 2023 · Sulfation, the number one cause of early battery failures, can be safely reversed, using high-frequency electronic pulses. Learn more about handling sulfation.

Sulfation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Sulfation (also found as sulfurylation) is an essential posttranslational modification of many molecules including proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. The reaction is also one of the major conjugating pathways responsible for the detoxification and subsequent elimination of xenobiotics and endogenous small molecules in eukaryotes.