tariff of abominations

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    The Tariff of 1828 was a very high protective tariff that became law in the United States on May 19, 1828. It was a bill designed to fail in Congress because it was seen by free trade supporters as hurting both industry and farming, but it passed anyway. The bill was vehemently denounced in the South and escalated to a threat of civil war in the Nullification Crisis of 1832–33. The tariff was replaced in 1833, and the crisis ended. It was called the "Tariff of Abominations" by its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Southern economy. It set a 38% tax on some imported goods and a 45% tax on certain imported raw materials.
    The manufacturing-based economy in the Northeastern states was suffering from low-priced imported manufactured items from Britain. The major goal of the tariff was to protect the factories by taxing imports from Europe. Southerners from the Cotton Belt, particularly those from South Carolina, felt they were harmed directly by having to pay more for imports from Europe. Allegedly, the South was also harmed indirectly because reducing exports of British goods to the U.S would make it difficult for the British to pay for Southern cotton. The reaction in the South, particularly in South Carolina, led to the Nullification Crisis.


    Background



    The 1828 tariff was part of a series of tariffs that began after the War of 1812 and the Napoleonic Wars, when the blockade of Europe led British manufacturers to offer goods in America at low prices that American manufacturers often could not match. The first protective tariff was passed by Congress in 1816, and its rates were increased in 1824. Southern states such as South Carolina contended that the tariff was unconstitutional and were opposed to the newer protectionist tariffs, as they would have to pay, but Northern states favored them because they helped strengthen their industrial-based economy.
    In an elaborate scheme to prevent passage of still higher tariffs, while at the same time appealing to Andrew Jackson's supporters in the North, John C. Calhoun and other Southerners joined Martin Van Buren in crafting a tariff bill that would also weigh heavily on materials imported by the New England states. It was believed that President John Quincy Adams's supporters in New England would uniformly oppose the bill for this reason and that the Southern legislators could then withdraw their support, killing the legislation while blaming it on New England. The goal was to write a bill so bad—so "abominable"—that it would never pass but would help Van Buren and the Southerners while hurting the Adams-Clay coalition.


    Bill passage


    The House committee drafted a bill that imposed very high duties on raw materials, including iron, hemp (for rope) and flax, but eliminated the protective features on woolen goods. The alliance organized by Van Buren that included the middle states and the south voted down every attempt by New Englanders to amend the bill. The alliance was confident the bill was so unfavorable that it would be defeated in Congress, hurting Adams and Clay in the process. To the astonishment of the alliance, a substantial minority of New England voted for the final bill, on the grounds that the principle of protection was of enormous value. The bill passed the house 105 to 94 on April 23 and passed the Senate 26 to 21 on May 13. President Adams signed it and the tariff became law. Adams became a hated man in the South.
    Farmers in Western states and manufacturers in the Mid-Atlantic states argued that the strengthening of the nation was in the interest of the entire country. This same reasoning swayed two-fifths of U.S. Representatives in the New England states to vote for the tariff increase. In 1824, New England was on the verge of bankruptcy due to the influx of the use of European cloth. New England was in favor of the tariff increase for entering goods from Europe to aid in the country's economic success.

    A substantial minority of New England Congressmen (41%) saw what they believed to be long-term national benefits of an increased tariff, and voted for it; they believed the tariff would strengthen the manufacturing industry nationally (see table).
    The Democratic Party had miscalculated: despite the insertion by Democrats of import duties calculated to be unpalatable to New England industries, most specifically on raw wool imports, essential to the wool textile industry, the New Englanders failed to sink the legislation, and the Southerners' plan backfired.
    The 1828 tariff was signed by President Adams, although he realized it could weaken him politically. In the presidential election of 1828, Andrew Jackson defeated Adams with a popular tally of 642,553 votes and an electoral count of 178 as opposed to Adams's 500,897 tally and 83 electoral votes.


    Effects of the tariff in 1828



    Vice President John C. Calhoun of South Carolina strongly opposed the tariff, anonymously authoring a pamphlet in December 1828 titled the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, in which he urged nullification of the tariff within South Carolina. The South Carolina legislature, although it printed and distributed 5,000 copies of the pamphlet, took none of the legislative action that the pamphlet urged.
    The expectation of the tariff's opponents was that with the election of Jackson in 1828, the tariff would be significantly reduced. Jackson in 1829 said the 1828 tariff was constitutional. In response, the most radical faction in South Carolina began to advocate that the state itself declare the tariff null and void within South Carolina.
    In Washington, an open split on the issue occurred between Jackson and Vice-President Calhoun. On July 14, 1832, Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832 which made some reductions in tariff rates. Calhoun finally resigned.
    The reductions were too little for South Carolina—the "abominations" of 1828 were still there. In November 1832 the state called for a convention. By a vote of 136 to 26, the convention overwhelmingly adopted an ordinance of nullification drawn by Chancellor William Harper. It declared that the tariffs of both 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable in South Carolina. President Jackson could not tolerate the nullification of a federal law by a state. He threatened war and South Carolina backed down. The Nullification Crisis would be resolved with the Tariff of 1833, a compromise.


    See also


    Force Bill
    Protectionism in the United States


    References




    Further reading


    Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1956). John Quincy Adams and the Union.
    Bolt, William K. (2017). Tariff Wars and the Politics of Jacksonian America. Covers 1816 to 1861. PhD dissertation version
    Ratcliffe, Donald J. (2000). "The nullification crisis, southern discontents, and the American political process". American Nineteenth Century History. 1 (2): 1–30.
    Remini, Robert V. (1958). "Martin Van Buren and the Tariff of Abominations". American Historical Review. 63 (4): 903–917.
    Taussig, F. W. (1888). "The Early Protective Movement and the Tariff of 1828". Political Science Quarterly. 3 (1): 17–45.

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Tariff of Abominations - Wikipedia

The tariff was replaced in 1833, and the crisis ended. It was called the "Tariff of Abominations" by its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Southern economy. It set a 38% tax on some imported goods and a 45% tax on certain imported raw materials. [1]

Tariff of 1828 | Definition, Summary, & Nullification | Britannica

The Tariff of 1828 was intended to protect burgeoning domestic industries by inflating the cost of imported goods by as much as 50 percent, making Americans less likely to buy foreign products and giving an advantage to their domestic counterparts.

The Tariff of Abominations: The Effects - History, Art & Archives of ...

On this date, the Tariff of 1828—better known as the Tariff of Abominations—passed the House of Representatives, 105 to 94. The tariff sought to protect northern and western agricultural products from competition with foreign imports; however, the resulting tax on foreign goods would raise the cost of living in the South and would cut into ...

Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) - American History Central

Jun 10, 2024 · The Tariff of 1828, signed into law by President John Quincy Adams, imposed taxes on imported goods to raise federal revenue. The Tariff favored Northeastern manufacturers and Western farmers while harming Southerners and New Englanders.

The Tariff of Abominations of 1828 - ThoughtCo

Jul 19, 2019 · The Tariff of Abominations was the name outraged southerners gave to a tariff passed in 1828. Residents of the South believed the tax on imports was excessive and unfairly targeted their region of the country.

Why Was the Tariff of Abominations Important ... - History in Charts

May 24, 2022 · The Tariff of Abominations was passed in 1828 to raise import duties on foreign goods to help protect domestic American manufacturing business and increase federal revenues. The tariff happened to be one of the last acts of John Quincy Adams’ presidency as it passed in the election year of 1828.

Tariff of Abominations - (AP US History) - Vocab, Definition

The Tariff of Abominations refers to the Tariff of 1828, which raised duties on imported goods to protect Northern industries but significantly harmed Southern economies.

How a Tax Increase Led to the American Civil War | The Tariff of …

In 1828 Congress passed a tariff that increased the rates on imports into the United States to as much as 50 percent. This was the largest increase in the country’s history. The aim was to protect American manufacturing in the North by making importing foreign goods more expensive.

Nullification Crisis, states' rights, Tariff of 1828, Andrew Jackson ...

The Nullification Crisis of 1832-1833 began with the passage of the Tariff of 1828 (better known as the Tariff of Abominations) which sought to protect industrial products from competition with foreign imports.

Tariff of Abominations - Encyclopedia.com

tariff of abominations By the late 1820s the southeastern region of the United States was economically depressed. While the industrial northeast flourished, the agrarian south languished.