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Ten Pound Poms were British citizens who migrated to Australia and New Zealand after the Second World War. The Government of Australia initiated the Assisted Passage Migration Scheme in 1945, and the Government of New Zealand initiated a similar scheme in 1947. The Australian government arranged for assisted passage to Australia on chartered ships and aircraft.
The migrants were called Ten Pound Poms because of the charge of £10 in processing fees to migrate to Australia.
Assisted Passage Migration Scheme
The Assisted Passage Migration Scheme was created in 1945 by the Chifley government and its first Minister for Immigration, Arthur Calwell, as part of the "Populate or Perish" policy. It was intended to substantially increase the population of Australia and to supply workers for the country's booming industries. As well as subsidising the cost of travelling to Australia, the Government promised employment prospects, affordable housing, and a generally more optimistic lifestyle. But upon arrival, migrants were placed in basic migration hostels and the expected job opportunities were not always readily available.
Adult migrants were charged only ten pounds sterling for the fare (hence the name; in 1945 pounds, equivalent to £545 in 2023), and migrant scheme children travelled free of charge. It was a follow-on to the unofficial Big Brother Movement and attracted more than a million migrants from the British Isles between 1945 and 1972. It was the last substantial scheme for preferential migration from the British Isles to Australia. In 1957 more migrants were encouraged to travel following a campaign called "Bring out a Briton". The scheme reached its peak in 1969, when more than 80,000 migrants took advantage of the scheme. In 1973 the cost to migrants of the assisted passage was increased to £75 (equivalent to £1,146 in 2023). The scheme was ended in 1982.
While the term "Ten Pound Pom" is in common use, the scheme was not limited to migrants from the United Kingdom. People born in the Irish Free State or in the southern counties of Ireland before the establishment of the Republic of Ireland in 1949 were also classified as British subjects. In fact most British subjects were eligible and, at the time, that included not only those from the British Isles but also residents of British colonies such as Malta and Cyprus. Australia also operated schemes to assist selected migrants from other countries, notably the Netherlands (1951), Italy (1951), Greece (1952), West Germany (1952) and Turkey (1967).
Assisted migrants were generally required to remain in Australia for two years after arrival, or alternatively refund the cost of their assisted passage. If they chose to travel back to Britain, the cost of the journey was at least £120 (in 1945 pounds, equivalent to £6,541 in 2023), a large sum in those days and one that most could not afford. It was also possible for many British people to migrate to Australia on a non-assisted basis before the early 1970s, although most travelled as Ten Pounders. This was part of the wider White Australia policy. An estimated quarter of British migrants returned to the UK within the qualifying period; however, half of these—the so-called "Boomerang Poms"—returned to Australia.
Before 1 December 1973, migrants to Australia from Commonwealth countries were eligible to apply for Australian citizenship after one year's residence in Australia. In 1973 the residence requirement was extended to three years, the requirements being place of residence, good character, knowledge of the language, and rights and duties of citizenship and the intention to live permanently in Australia. In November 1984 the residence requirement was reduced to two years. However, relatively few British migrants—compared to other post-war arrivals, such as Turks—took up Australian citizenship. Consequently, many may have lost their Australian residency status later on, usually through leaving Australia.
New Zealand scheme
The Government of New Zealand initiated a similar immigration scheme in July 1947. The first immigrants arrived on the RMS Rangitata later that year. The scheme was administered by the Department of Labour under the guidance of Bert Bockett, and was expanded to include the Netherlands in 1950. The Dutch immigration scheme finished in 1963, with just over 6,000 immigrants to New Zealand; with Bockett receiving the Olivier van Noort medallion from the Dutch government in the following year. The British immigration scheme lasted until 1971, with 76,673 immigrants. From 1957 to 1971, the scheme applied to further European countries, with a total of 1,442 immigrants.
Well-known participants
Prime Minister Julia Gillard migrated with her family from Barry, Glamorgan, Wales, in 1966, aged four. Her parents hoped the warmer climate would help cure her lung infection.
Another prime minister, Tony Abbott, migrated in 1960 under the scheme, although his father had already lived in Australia after arriving at the beginning of the Second World War on a Blue Funnel Liner and his mother was an Australian expatriate living in Britain at the time of his birth.
England fast bowlers Harold Larwood (in 1950) and Frank Tyson (in 1960) also took advantage of the scheme when they retired from cricket.
The Bee Gees (Gibb brothers), born on the Isle of Man, spent their first few years in Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester, England, then moved in the late 1950s to Redcliffe in Queensland, where they began their musical careers.
The five original members of the Easybeats migrated independently and formed their band after arriving in Sydney. Lead singer Stevie Wright migrated from Leeds, England. Harry Vanda migrated from The Hague, Netherlands, and George Young migrated from Glasgow, Scotland, to become the twin guitars and later the songwriting team that took the Easybeats to the world with "Friday on My Mind". George's younger brothers, Malcolm Young and Angus Young, formed the twin guitars of AC/DC with another immigratory Scotsman, Bon Scott.
Other musical artists to have migrated to Australia under the scheme include John Farnham, Jimmy Barnes. John Paul Young, Colin Hay of Men at Work, Jon English and Cheetah, while Kylie Minogue is the daughter of two Ten Pound Poms: her mother was on the same boat as the Gibbs and Red Symons.
Businessman Alan Bond moved to Australia with his parents in 1950. He was named "Australian of the Year" in 1978.
Rugby league player and actor Ian Roberts moved to Sydney with his family in 1967. According to Roberts, he "was brought up in an English household and Australia existed outside the front door".
Actor Nicholas Hope, best known for his role in the 1994 film Bad Boy Bubby, was born in Manchester on Christmas Day 1958 and migrated to Whyalla soon afterwards.
See also
The Feldons' song "Win One Time" off their 2012 album Goody Hallett and Other Stories refers to Ten Pound Poms, as the writer's father-in-law was one
Ten Pound Poms (BBC television series)
References
= Bibliography
=
Hammerton, A. James; Thomson, Alistair (2005). 'Ten Pound Poms': Australia's Invisible Migrants. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-719071321.
External links
New Zealand Ten Pound Pom interviewed by Radio New Zealand (2014)
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Ten Pound Poms (TV series) - Wikipedia
Ten Pound Poms is a British historical drama television series created by Danny Brocklehurst for BBC One and Stan. The series stars Michelle Keegan, Faye Marsay and Warren Brown as Ten Pound Poms, British citizens who migrated to Australia after the Second World War. The series premiered on 14 May 2023 on BBC One and has six episodes. [1]
Ten Pound Poms - Wikipedia
Ten Pound Poms were British citizens who migrated to Australia and New Zealand after the Second World War. The Government of Australia initiated the Assisted Passage Migration Scheme in 1945, [1] [2] and the Government of New Zealand initiated a similar scheme in …
Ten Pound Poms (TV Series 2023– ) - IMDb
Ten Pound Poms: Created by Daniel Brocklehurst. With Warren Brown, Faye Marsay, Michelle Keegan, Hattie Hook. A group of Brits leave post-war Britain in 1956 to embark on an adventure.
BBC announces second series of hit drama Ten Pound Poms …
Feb 1, 2024 · The BBC has announced that hit drama Ten Pound Poms will return for a second series, with Michelle Keegan (Fool Me Once, Brassic), Faye Marsay (Game of Thrones, Black Mirror) and Warren Brown...
The true story of the 'Ten Pound Poms' - Sky HISTORY
But many of the ‘ten pound poms’ were just ordinary couples and families eager to transform their lives. On arriving after a six-week voyage, many of the Brits found that the reality didn’t quite match up to the advertisements back home.
Ten Pound Poms (2007) - IMDb
Ten Pound Poms: Directed by Lisa Matthews. With John Waters, David Bailey, Elizabeth Britton, John Cannon. The stories of the one million post-war Britons who paid ten pounds to emigrate to Australia in one of the biggest planned migrations of the twentieth century.
BBC releases first-look at the return of Ten Pound Poms, starring ...
Nov 26, 2024 · The BBC has released a first look at the brand-new series of Ten Pound Poms, which follows a group of Brits escaping post-war Britain to embark on a life-changing adventure on the other side of...
Ten Pound Poms - BBC iPlayer
Ten Pound Poms You can make your own world when you leave the past behind. Swapping dreary 50s Britain for a bright future Down Under, the new arrivals find a fresh start can come at a...
Ten Pound Poms: Season 1 - Rotten Tomatoes
Lightweight, superficial, and a missed opportunity to interrogate our modern immigration concerns, Ten Pound Poms is, all the same, a burst of sun-soaked schmaltz. [Danny Brocklehurst's]...
'Invisible' immigrants: the story of the ten pound poms
How much do you know about Australia and New Zealand's British migration schemes of the 1940s and 1950s? The phrase 'Ten Pound Poms' is used to describe the Britons who emigrated to Australia following World War 2 on the Australian government's assisted passage scheme.
