- Damien Hirst
- The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living
- Damien Hirst
- Young British Artists
- Sam Taylor-Johnson
- Rosie (shark)
- Vic Hislop
- Turner Prize
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- The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living
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The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living is an artwork created in 1991 by Damien Hirst, an English artist and a leading member of the "Young British Artists" (or YBA). It consists of a preserved tiger shark submerged in formalin in a glass-panel display case.
It was originally commissioned in 1991 by Charles Saatchi, who sold it in 2004 to Steven A. Cohen for an undisclosed amount, widely reported to have been at least $8 million. However, the title of Don Thompson's book, The $12 Million Stuffed Shark: The Curious Economics of Contemporary Art, suggests a higher figure.
Owing to deterioration of the original 14-foot (4.3 m) tiger shark, it was replaced with a new specimen in 2006. It was on loan to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City from 2007 to 2010.
It is considered an iconic work of British art in the 1990s, and has become a symbol of Britart worldwide.
Background and concept
The work was funded by the businessman Charles Saatchi, who in 1991 had offered to pay for whatever artwork Hirst wanted to create. The shark cost Hirst £6,000 and the total cost of the work was £50,000. Hirst asked Doris Lockhart for a loan to cover the cost of shipping the shark from Australia, but she gave him the required amount. In return, Hirst invited Lockhart to choose anything she liked from his studio, and she selected a piece called The Only Way is Up. The shark was caught off Hervey Bay in Queensland, Australia, by a fisherman commissioned to do so. Hirst wanted something "big enough to eat you".
The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living was first exhibited in 1992 in the first of a series of Young British Artists shows at the Saatchi Gallery, then at its premises in St John's Wood, north London. The British tabloid newspaper The Sun ran a story titled "£50,000 for fish without chips." The show also included Hirst's artwork A Thousand Years. He was then nominated for the Turner Prize, but it was awarded to Grenville Davey. Saatchi sold the work in 2004 to Steven A. Cohen for an estimated $8 million.
Its technical specifications are: "Tiger shark, glass, steel, 5% formaldehyde solution, 213 × 518 × 213 cm."
The New York Times in 2007 gave the following description of the artwork:
Mr. Hirst often aims to fry the mind (and misses more than he hits), but he does so by setting up direct, often visceral experiences, of which the shark remains the most outstanding.
In keeping with the piece's title, the shark is simultaneously life and death incarnate in a way you don't quite grasp until you see it, suspended and silent, in its tank. It gives the innately demonic urge to live a demonic, deathlike form.
Decay and replacement
Because the shark was initially preserved poorly, it began to deteriorate, and the liquid grew murky. Hirst attributed some of the decay to the fact that the Saatchi Gallery had added bleach to the fluid. In 1993, the gallery skinned the shark and stretched its skin over a fiberglass mould, thus transforming the shark from a chemically preserved intact carcass to a taxidermy mount displayed in fluid. Hirst commented, "It didn't look as frightening ... You could tell it wasn't real. It had no weight."
When Hirst learned of Saatchi's impending sale of the work to Cohen, he offered to replace the shark, an operation which Cohen funded, calling the expense "inconsequential" (the formaldehyde process alone cost around $100,000). Another shark (a female aged about 25–30 years, equivalent to middle age) was caught off the Queensland coast and shipped to Hirst in a 2-month journey. In 2006, Oliver Crimmen, a scientist and fish curator at London's Natural History Museum, assisted with the preservation of the new specimen. This involved injecting formaldehyde into the body, as well as soaking it for two weeks in a bath of 7% formalin solution. The original 1991 vitrine was then used to house it.
Hirst acknowledged that there was a philosophical question as to whether replacing the shark meant that the result could still be considered the same artwork. He observed:
It's a big dilemma. Artists and conservators have different opinions about what's important: the original artwork or the original intention. I come from a conceptual art background, so I think it should be the intention. It's the same piece. But the jury will be out for a long time to come.
Variants
Hirst has made other works subsequently which also feature a preserved shark in formaldehyde in a vitrine: The Immortal (a great white shark, 2005), Wrath of God (2005), Death Explained (the shark is split in two, lengthwise, 2007), Death Denied (2008), The Kingdom (2008) and Leviathan (a basking shark, 2010).
In September 2008, The Kingdom, a tiger shark, sold at Hirst's Sotheby's auction, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, for £9.6 million (more than £3 million above its estimate).
Hirst has made a miniature version of The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living for the Miniature Museum in the Netherlands. In this case, he put a guppy in a box (10 × 3.5 × 5 centimetres) filled with formaldehyde.
He also presented a number of other animals preserved in formaldehyde, including: a cow and a calf (Mother and Child (Divided)), a sheep (Away from the Flock), an 18-month old calf with the disk of the Egyptian goddess Hathor between its 18-carat gold horns (The Golden Calf), and a dove in flight (The Incomplete Truth).
Responses
In 2003, under the title A Dead Shark Isn't Art, the Stuckism International Gallery exhibited a shark which had first been put on public display two years before Hirst's by Eddie Saunders in his Shoreditch (London) shop, JD Electrical Supplies. The Stuckists suggested that Hirst may have got the idea for his work from Saunders' shop display.
In a speech at the Royal Academy in 2004, art critic Robert Hughes used The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living as a prime example of how the international art market at the time was a "cultural obscenity". Without naming the artwork or the artist, he stated that brush marks in the lace collar of a painting by Velázquez could be more radical than a shark "murkily disintegrating in its tank on the other side of the Thames".
Critics have also questioned the ethics of the part of Hirst's oeuvre that involves dead animals. One estimate puts the number of creatures killed for Hirst's pieces at 913,450, including individual insects.
The 2009 British-Hungarian film The Nutcracker in 3D features a scene in which a pet shark is electrocuted in a water tank, which director Andrei Konchalovsky cites as a reference to Hirst's artwork.
Hirst's response to those who said that anyone could have done this artwork was, "But you didn't, did you?"
Notes and references
External links
Official Damien Hirst website Archived 20 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
Smarthistory – Hirst's Shark: Interpreting Contemporary Art, video, Beth Harris, Sal Khan and Steven Zucker commentators, 7:49
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The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living
The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living is an artwork created in 1991 by Damien Hirst, an English artist and a leading member of the "Young British Artists" (or YBA). It consists of a preserved tiger shark submerged in formalin in a glass-panel display case.
The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living ...
The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living is an installation created in 1991 by Damien Hirst, a leading member of the Young British Artists (YBA). It consists of a preserved real tiger shark, exhibited in a glass-panel display case …
The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living
Jul 6, 2022 · The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living, by Damien Hirst, also known as The Shark, was created in 1991. Charles Saatchi commissioned this shark-in-formaldehyde artwork and then subsequently sold it to Steven A. Cohen in 2004.
Breaking Down the Concept Behind Damien Hirst's Shark
The early work which set the foundation for the upcoming success and critical acclaim for Hirst is The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living or colloquially known as The Shark made by the artist in 1991.
The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living
The brilliant histories of art belong to everyone, no matter their background. Smarthistory’s free, award-winning digital content unlocks the expertise of hundreds of leading scholars, making the history of art accessible and engaging to more people, in more places, than any other publisher.
Damien Hirst: When Art Confronts Death - Feuille Obscure
Sep 16, 2024 · While classical theories associate beauty with harmony, proportion, and aesthetic pleasure, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living disturbs rather than soothes. The shark symbolizes violence and death, and …
Damien Hirst, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of ...
The impossibility of really coming to terms with death as someone who’s living. In many ways, the history of art is a coming to terms with mortality, of transcending the physical body, of the afterlife.
It’s Beautiful. Only Problem Is That It’s Dead: On Damien Hirst
Apr 4, 2021 · Damien Hirst has been confronting viewers with death, an intrinsically human fear since he first began creating art, pushing the use of natural materials in art to new, ethically obscure territories in the process. The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living (1991) by Damien Hirst, courtesy of Damien Hirst.
The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living …
Oct 16, 2007 · At 16, “The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living” is a golden oldie. It suggests that the museum intends to show only unquestionably anointed art, preferably at least ...
The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living
Apr 17, 2020 · The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living is a sculpture produced in 1991 by English artist Damien Steven Hirst. One of the most recognizable works of Britart, a true example of Contemporary and Conceptual art, even though the originality of idea and the artistic value of sculpture have been under discussion.