74 min
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- Domain (biologi)
- Arkea
- Carnivora
- Kelelawar spektral
- Bakteri
- Teknologi pendidikan
- Otto Kandler
- Belut listrik
- Pohon kehidupan (biologi)
- Three-domain system
- Two-domain system
- Domain (biology)
- Domain Name System
- Monera
- Eocyte hypothesis
- Two-empire system
- Top-level domain
- Asgard (Archaea)
- Kingdom (biology)
- Three-domain system - Wikipedia
- Three-domain system (Carl Woese’s Classification) - Microbe Notes
- Three Domain System of Biological Life - ThoughtCo
- 1.3: Classification - The Three Domain System - Biology LibreTexts
- The Three Domains: Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya
- What is the Three-Domain System? (with pictures) - AllTheScience
- What Are the 3 Domains of Life? - Earth How
- Carl Woese’s Classification – Three Domain Classification
- What are the 3 domains of life and their characteristics? Three Domain ...
- Classification of Life: The Three Domain Concept - Plantlet
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The three-domain system is a taxonomic classification system that groups all cellular life into three domains, namely Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, introduced by Carl Woese, Otto Kandler and Mark Wheelis in 1990. The key difference from earlier classifications such as the two-empire system and the five-kingdom classification is the splitting of Archaea (previously named "archaebacteria") from Bacteria as completely different organisms.
The three domain hypothesis is considered obsolete since it is thought that eukaryotes do not form a separate domain of life; instead, they arose from a fusion between two different species, one from within Archaea and one from within Bacteria. (see Two-domain system)
Background
Woese argued, on the basis of differences in 16S rRNA genes, that bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes each arose separately from an ancestor with poorly developed genetic machinery, often called a progenote. To reflect these primary lines of descent, he treated each as a domain, divided into several different kingdoms. Originally his split of the prokaryotes was into Eubacteria (now Bacteria) and Archaebacteria (now Archaea). Woese initially used the term "kingdom" to refer to the three primary phylogenic groupings, and this nomenclature was widely used until the term "domain" was adopted in 1990.
Acceptance of the validity of Woese's phylogenetically valid classification was a slow process. Prominent biologists including Salvador Luria and Ernst Mayr objected to his division of the prokaryotes. Not all criticism of him was restricted to the scientific level. A decade of labor-intensive oligonucleotide cataloging left him with a reputation as "a crank", and Woese would go on to be dubbed "Microbiology's Scarred Revolutionary" by a news article printed in the journal Science in 1997. The growing amount of supporting data led the scientific community to accept the Archaea by the mid-1980s. Today, very few scientists still accept the concept of a unified Prokarya.
Classification
The three-domain system adds a level of classification (the domains) "above" the kingdoms present in the previously used five- or six-kingdom systems. This classification system recognizes the fundamental divide between the two prokaryotic groups, insofar as Archaea appear to be more closely related to eukaryotes than they are to other prokaryotes – bacteria-like organisms with no cell nucleus. The three-domain system sorts the previously known kingdoms into these three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
= Domain Archaea
=The Archaea are prokaryotic, with no nuclear membrane, but with biochemistry and RNA markers that are distinct from bacteria. The archaeans possess unique, ancient evolutionary history for which they are considered some of the oldest species of organisms on Earth, most notably their diverse, exotic metabolisms.
Some examples of archaeal organisms are:
methanogens – which produce the gas methane
halophiles – which live in very salty water
thermoacidophiles – which thrive in acidic high-temperature water
= Domain Bacteria
=The Bacteria are also prokaryotic; their domain consists of cells with bacterial rRNA, no nuclear membrane, and whose membranes possess primarily diacyl glycerol diester lipids. Traditionally classified as bacteria, many thrive in the same environments favored by humans, and were the first prokaryotes discovered; they were briefly called the Eubacteria or "true" bacteria when the Archaea were first recognized as a distinct clade.
Most known pathogenic prokaryotic organisms belong to bacteria (see for exceptions). For that reason, and because the Archaea are typically difficult to grow in laboratories, Bacteria are currently studied more extensively than Archaea.
Some examples of bacteria include:
"Cyanobacteria" – photosynthesizing bacteria that are related to the chloroplasts of eukaryotic plants and algae
Spirochaetota – Gram-negative bacteria that include those causing syphilis and Lyme disease
Actinomycetota – Gram-positive bacteria including Bifidobacterium animalis which is present in the human large intestine
= Domain Eukarya
=Eukaryota are organisms whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus. They include many large single-celled organisms and all known non-microscopic organisms. The domain contains, for example:
Holomycota – mushrooms and allies
Viridiplantae – green plants
Holozoa – animals and allies
Stramenopiles – includes brown algae
Amoebozoa – solitary and social amoebae
Discoba – includes euglenoids
Niches
Each of the three cell types tends to fit into recurring specialities or roles. Bacteria tend to be the most prolific reproducers, at least in moderate environments. Archaeans tend to adapt quickly to extreme environments, such as high temperatures, high acids, high sulfur, etc. This includes adapting to use a wide variety of food sources. Eukaryotes are the most flexible with regard to forming cooperative colonies, such as in multi-cellular organisms, including humans. In fact, the structure of a eukaryote is likely to have derived from a joining of different cell types, forming organelles.
Parakaryon myojinensis (incertae sedis) is a single-celled organism known to be a unique example. "This organism appears to be a life form distinct from prokaryotes and eukaryotes", with features of both.
Alternatives
Parts of the three-domain theory have been challenged by scientists including Ernst Mayr, Thomas Cavalier-Smith, and Radhey S. Gupta.
Recent work has proposed that Eukaryota may have actually branched off from the domain Archaea. According to Spang et al., Lokiarchaeota forms a monophyletic group with eukaryotes in phylogenomic analyses. The associated genomes also encode an expanded repertoire of eukaryotic signature proteins that are suggestive of sophisticated membrane remodelling capabilities. This work suggests a two-domain system as opposed to the three-domain system. Exactly how and when Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya developed and how they are related continues to be debated.
See also
References
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
Three Domain System
The Three Domain System
Three-domain system - Wikipedia
Three-domain system - Wikipedia
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BAR. BIODIVERSITY - The Three Domain System Diagram | Quizlet
Classification three domain system | PPT
Three Domain Classification system | Download Scientific Diagram
Three Domain System
Three Domain System
Classification of Life: The Three Domain Concept : Plantlet
The Three Domain System (A-level Biology) - Study Mind
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Daftar Isi
Three-domain system - Wikipedia
The three-domain system is a taxonomic classification system that groups all cellular life into three domains, namely Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, introduced by Carl Woese, Otto Kandler and Mark Wheelis in 1990. [1]
Three-domain system (Carl Woese’s Classification) - Microbe Notes
Aug 3, 2023 · The three-domains of Carl Woese’s Classification system include archaea, bacteria, eukaryote, and six kingdoms are Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria), Eubacteria (true bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
Three Domain System of Biological Life - ThoughtCo
Aug 12, 2024 · The Three Domain System, developed by Carl Woese in 1990, is a system for classifying biological organisms. Before Woese discovered archaea as distinct from bacteria in 1977, scientists believed there were only two types of life: eukarya and bacteria.
1.3: Classification - The Three Domain System - Biology LibreTexts
Aug 31, 2023 · Organisms can be classified into one of three domains based on differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cell's ribosomal RNAs (rRNA), the cell's membrane lipid structure, and its sensitivity to antibiotics. The three domains …
The Three Domains: Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya
Dec 14, 2024 · Revision notes on The Three Domains: Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya for the Cambridge (CIE) A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams.
What is the Three-Domain System? (with pictures) - AllTheScience
May 21, 2024 · Under the three-domain system, all cellular life can be divided into three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota, and each domain can be further divided into kingdoms, phyla, classes, and so forth.
What Are the 3 Domains of Life? - Earth How
All living organisms can be categorized into 3 domains of life: DOMAINS: “Domains” are the top-level classification that categorizes life in the most general way. For example, it separates the presence of a nucleus. Prokaryotes like archaea and bacteria don’t have one. But eukarya have a nucleus. But there’s a bit more to it than that.
Carl Woese’s Classification – Three Domain Classification
Mar 29, 2024 · The Three-Domain System bifurcates life into three primary domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota. Further, within these domains, life is divided into six distinct kingdoms: Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria), Eubacteria (true bacteria), …
What are the 3 domains of life and their characteristics? Three Domain ...
Carl Woese discovered that within prokaryotes, there exist two distinct groups of organisms; bacteria and archae. The Three domains are. 1. Bacteria. 2. Archae. 3. Eukarya. Characteristics of Domain Bacteria (True Bacteria) (Each domain has a distinctive antibiotic sensitivity profile)
Classification of Life: The Three Domain Concept - Plantlet
A domain is the highest taxonomic level of species in biology. In 1977, Woese and his coworkers developed the groundbreaking three-domain system. They proposed this classification based on differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cell’s ribosomal RNAs (known as 16S rRNA).