tidal range

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      Tidal range is the difference in height between high tide and low tide. Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and Sun, by Earth's rotation and by centrifugal force caused by Earth's progression around the Earth-Moon barycenter. Tidal range depends on time and location.
      Larger tidal range occur during spring tides (spring range), when the gravitational forces of both the Moon and Sun are aligned (at syzygy), reinforcing each other in the same direction (new moon) or in opposite directions (full moon). The largest annual tidal range can be expected around the time of the equinox if it coincides with a spring tide. Spring tides occur at the second and fourth (last) quarters of the lunar phases.
      By contrast, during neap tides, when the Moon and Sun's gravitational force vectors act in quadrature (making a right angle to the Earth's orbit), the difference between high and low tides (neap range) is smallest. Neap tides occur at the first and third quarters of the lunar phases.
      Tidal data for coastal areas is published by national hydrographic offices. The data is based on astronomical phenomena and is predictable. Sustained storm-force winds blowing from one direction combined with low barometric pressure can increase the tidal range, particularly in narrow bays. Such weather-related effects on the tide can cause ranges in excess of predicted values and can cause localized flooding. These weather-related effects are not calculable in advance.
      Mean tidal range is calculated as the difference between mean high water (i.e., the average high tide level) and mean low water (the average low tide level).


      Geography



      The typical tidal range in the open ocean is about 1 metre (3 feet) – mapped in blue and green at right. Mean ranges near coasts vary from near zero to 11.7 metres (38.4 feet), with the range depending on the volume of water adjacent to the coast, and the geography of the basin the water sits in. Larger bodies of water have higher ranges, and the geography can act as a funnel amplifying or dispersing the tide.
      The world's largest mean tidal range of 11.7 metres (38.4 feet) occurs in the Bay of Fundy, Canada (more specificially, at Burntcoat Head, Nova Scotia). The next highest, of 9.75 metres (32.0 feet), is at Ungava Bay, also in Canada, and the next, of 9.60 metres (31.5 feet), in the Bristol Channel, between England and Wales. The highest predicted extreme (not mean) range is 17.0 metres (55.8 feet), in the Bay of Fundy. The maximum range in the Bristol Channel is 15 metres (49 feet). The fifty coastal locations with the largest ranges worldwide are listed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States.
      Some of the smallest tidal ranges occur in the Mediterranean, Baltic, and Caribbean Seas. A point within a tidal system where the tidal range is almost zero is called an amphidromic point.


      Classification


      The tidal range has been classified as:

      Micro-tidal – when the tidal range is lower than 2 metres (6'6¾").
      Meso-tidal – when the tidal range is between 2 metres and 4 metres (6'6¾" and 13'1½").
      Macro-tidal – when the tidal range is higher than 4 metres (13'1½").


      See also


      King tide, an informal term for an especially high spring tide


      References

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    Tidal Range - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

    Dec 6, 2013 · Tidal duration distributions for Mont Louis, Québec (2-m tidal range) and St. John, New Brunswick (tidal range 8.3 m). The graph shows the number of hours each year that the water surface is within each 0.1-m vertical interval; the total duration value, the sum of each of the 0.1 intervals, is equal therefore to the number of hours in a year.

    Tidal range technologies and state of the art in review

    Jun 1, 2016 · The energy created from a tidal range plant is proportional to the head of the tidal range. For example, if pumping increases the high tide from 5 m to 6 m, when the tide goes out and the plant begins operating on an ebb cycle, the available tidal range will be greater and the output would be based on the 6 m head difference between the basin ...

    A global assessment of estuarine tidal response to sea level rise

    Oct 10, 2023 · The tidal range response to varying inflows likely depends on the current tidal range pattern of an estuary, with substantial changes observed in the Chao Phraya River (Fig. 6 (a)) with a present “D” tidal range pattern, moderate changes observed in the Elbe River (Fig. 6 (b)) and Ems River (Fig. 6 (c)) with present “X” tidal patterns ...

    World's highest tides: Hypertidal coastal systems in North …

    Feb 15, 2013 · Tidal-range data compiled from NOAA indicates a systematic increase in tidal range along a southwest–northeastern transect for stations in the Cook Inlet area (Fig. 4 b). At the southern end of Cook Inlet, the spring-tidal ranges are slightly higher than 4 m and thus are low macrotidal (Fig. 4 b). Approximately half-way up Cook Inlet ...

    Tidal range technologies and state of the art in review

    Jun 1, 2016 · Tidal energy is one of the most predictable forms of renewable energy. Although there has been much commercial and R&D progress in tidal stream energy, tidal range is a more mature technology, with tidal range power plants having a …

    Assessing hydrodynamic impacts of tidal range energy …

    Dec 1, 2024 · Tidal range energy conversion traditionally involves constructing and operating large-scale coastal or offshore impoundments (O 10-100 km 2), which will redefine near and far-field water levels and flow patterns. The relationship between the scale of the impoundment area and hydrodynamic impact has not been investigated for UK sites.

    Tidal modulation - ScienceDirect

    Jan 1, 2020 · The tidal range peaks twice every lunar month (Fig. 5.2 B), when the Sun, Moon and Earth come into alignment, resulting in a maximum or spring tide, and a week later, when the Sun and Moon are perpendicular to each other, the tidal range is at its minimum, which is known as the neap tide.

    Tidal range electricity generation into the twenty-second century

    Nov 5, 2024 · Tidal range electricity generation schemes are designed to have a minimum operational life of at least 120 years, making it important to plan for changes such as sea-level rise (SLR). Earlier studies have shown that schemes can maintain the existing tidal range within the impoundment and protect areas from flooding.

    Optimising tidal range power plant operation - ScienceDirect

    Feb 15, 2018 · Tidal range power plants harness the potential energy contained within coastal flows characterised by a high tidal range. Existing and prospective tidal range projects essentially constitute impoundments either in the form of barrages that span an entire estuarine basin [1] , [2] , or as coastal lagoons positioned against coastlines [3] .

    Tidal Volume - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

    Tidal volume relative to body weight changes little during development, that is, 6–8 mL/kg. 19,55 On an absolute basis, however, the range of tidal volume encountered in children changes by orders of magnitude with advancing age (e.g., 18 mL per breath in the newborn vs. 500 mL per breath in the adult).