tonsil

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      The tonsils (TON-sills) are a set of lymphoid organs facing into the aerodigestive tract, which is known as Waldeyer's tonsillar ring and consists of the adenoid tonsil (or pharyngeal tonsil), two tubal tonsils, two palatine tonsils, and the lingual tonsils. These organs play an important role in the immune system.
      When used unqualified, the term most commonly refers specifically to the palatine tonsils, which are two lymphoid organs situated at either side of the back of the human throat. The palatine tonsils and the adenoid tonsil are organs consisting of lymphoepithelial tissue located near the oropharynx and nasopharynx (parts of the throat).


      Structure


      Humans are born with four types of tonsils: the pharyngeal tonsil, two tubal tonsils, two palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsils.


      = Development

      =
      The palatine tonsils tend to reach their largest size in puberty, and they gradually undergo atrophy thereafter. However, they are largest relative to the diameter of the throat in young children. In adults, each palatine tonsil normally measures up to 2.5 cm in length, 2.0 cm in width and 1.2 cm in thickness.
      The adenoid grows until the age of 5, starts to shrink at the age of 7 and becomes small in adulthood.


      Function


      The tonsils are immunocompetent organs that serve as the immune system's first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens, and as such frequently engorge with blood to assist in immune responses to common illnesses such as the common cold. Their surface contains specialized antigen capture cells called microfold cells (M cells) that allow for the uptake of antigens produced by pathogens. These M cells then alert the B cells and T cells in the tonsil that a pathogen is present and an immune response is stimulated. B cells are activated and proliferate in areas called germinal centers in the tonsil. These germinal centers are places where B memory cells are created and secretory antibody (IgA) is produced.


      Clinical significance



      The palatine tonsils can become enlarged (adenotonsillar hyperplasia) or inflamed (tonsillitis). The most common way to treat tonsillitis is with anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, or if bacterial in origin, antibiotics, e.g. amoxicillin and azithromycin. Surgical removal (tonsillectomy) may be advised if the tonsils obstruct the airway or interfere with swallowing, or in patients with severe or recurrent tonsillitis. However, different mechanisms of pathogenesis for these two subtypes of tonsillar hypertrophy have been described, and may have different responses to identical therapeutic efforts. In older patients, asymmetric tonsils (also known as asymmetric tonsil hypertrophy) may be an indicator of virally infected tonsils, or tumors such as lymphoma or squamous cell carcinoma.
      A tonsillolith (also known as a "tonsil stone") is material that accumulates on the palatine tonsil. This can reach the size of a blueberry and is white or cream in color. The main substance is mostly calcium, but it has a strong unpleasant odor because of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan and other chemicals.
      Palatine tonsil enlargement can affect speech, making it hypernasal and giving it the sound of velopharyngeal incompetence (when space in the mouth is not fully separated from the nose's air space). Tonsil size may have a more significant impact on upper airway obstruction for obese children than for those of average weight.
      As mucosal lymphatic tissue of the aerodigestive tract, the palatine tonsils are viewed in some classifications as belonging to both the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Other viewpoints treat them (and the spleen and thymus) as large lymphatic organs contradistinguished from the smaller tissue loci of GALT and MALT.


      Additional images









      References




      External links


      Media related to Tonsils at Wikimedia Commons

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    Tonsillitis - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic

    Sep 3, 2022 · Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side. Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis include swollen tonsils, sore throat, difficulty swallowing and tender lymph nodes on the sides of the neck.

    Tonsil cancer - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic

    Nov 27, 2024 · Tonsil cancer happens in the part of the throat that's behind the mouth, called the oropharynx. Cancer that starts in this part of the throat is sometimes called oropharyngeal cancer. Treatments for tonsil cancer include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

    Tonsillitis - Diagnosis & treatment - Mayo Clinic

    Sep 3, 2022 · Antibiotics. If tonsillitis is caused by a bacterial infection, your doctor will prescribe a course of antibiotics. Penicillin taken by mouth for 10 days is the most common antibiotic treatment prescribed for tonsillitis caused by group A streptococcus.

    Tonsils: Tiny, but pack a big punch - Mayo Clinic News Network

    May 24, 2023 · The tonsils play an essential role in keeping you healthy. These small, oval-shaped pads at the back of the throat are part of the immune system and make white blood cells.

    Mayo Clinic Q and A: Tonsil cancer: What is it and how do you …

    Dec 27, 2024 · Tonsil cancer is a type of head and neck cancer. Head and neck cancers include cancers of the tongue ; the back of the tongue, which you can't see when you look in the mirror; the tonsils; or the throat , which includes several body parts, such as the larynx or voice box.

    Recently diagnosed with cancer on left tonsil with swollen lymph …

    Dec 22, 2023 · Recently diagnosed with cancer on left tonsil with swollen lymph nodes Posted by rickntodd @rickntodd , Dec 22, 2023 The only treatment options i have been offered is chemo and radiation.

    Tuesday Q and A: Self-care steps may help prevent tonsil stones …

    Oct 14, 2014 · Common signs and symptoms of tonsil stones are tonsil redness and irritation. These stones also frequently cause bad breath due to the bacteria that collect on them. In some cases, tonsil stones can lead to chronic tonsil inflammation or …

    Tonsillectomy - Mayo Clinic

    Tonsillectomy (ton-sih-LEK-tuh-me) is surgery to remove the tonsils. The tonsils are two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat. There's one tonsil on each side. Tonsillectomy was once used to treat infection and inflammation of the tonsils. This is …

    Enlarged Tonsil — Cancer? | Mayo Clinic Connect

    Feb 3, 2023 · What causes one swollen tonsil? "If you’ve noticed only one seemingly swollen tonsil on your child (or yourself), it could be a peritonsillar abscess. A peritonsillar abscess forms at the back of the mouth and manifests as a pus-filled tissue next to one tonsil.

    Tonsil cancer - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic

    Nov 27, 2024 · The stages of tonsil cancer range from 0 to 4. The lowest numbers indicate a small cancer that may only be in the tonsil or may have spread to a few nearby lymph nodes. As the cancer gets bigger or spreads to more lymph nodes, the stages get higher. A stage 4 tonsil cancer is one that has grown beyond the tonsil or has spread to many lymph nodes.