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The Treaty of Verdun (French: Traité de Verdun; German: Vertrag von Verdun), agreed to on 10 August 843, ended the Carolingian civil war and divided the Carolingian Empire between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I. The treaty was the culmination of negotiations lasting more than a year. It was the first in a series of partitions contributing to the dissolution of the empire created by Charlemagne and has been seen as foreshadowing the formation of many of the modern countries of western Europe.
The treaty was the first of the four partition treaties of the Carolingian Empire, followed by the Treaties of Prüm (855), Meerssen (870), and Ribemont (880).




Background


Following Charlemagne's death, Louis was made ruler of the Frankish Empire. Agobard, archbishop of Lyon, opposed the division of the empire, as he claimed that it would divide the church. During his reign, Louis the Pious divided the empire so that each of his sons could rule over their own kingdom under the greater rule of their father. Louis’ eldest son, Lothair I, was given the title of emperor but because of several re-divisions by his father and the resulting revolts, he became much less powerful. When Louis died in 840, Lothair I claimed overlordship over the entirety of his father's kingdom in an attempt to reclaim the power he had at the beginning of his reign as emperor. He also supported his nephew Pepin II's claim to Aquitaine, a large province in the west of the Frankish realm. Lothair's brother, Louis II, and his half-brother Charles II refused to acknowledge Lothair's suzerainty and declared war against him. After a bloody civil war, they defeated Lothair at the Battle of Fontenoy in 841 and sealed their alliance in 842 with the Oaths of Strasbourg which declared Lothair unfit for the imperial throne, after which he became willing to negotiate a settlement. The meeting happened shortly before August 10, as confirmed by a contemporary letter.




Provisions



Each of the three brothers was already established in one kingdom: Lothair in the Kingdom of Italy; Louis the German in the Kingdom of Bavaria; and Charles II in the Kingdom of Aquitaine.

Lothair I received Francia Media (the Middle Frankish kingdom).
In the settlement, Lothair (who had been named co-emperor in 817) retained his title as emperor, but it conferred only nominal overlordship of his brothers' lands. His domain later became the Low Countries, the Rhineland west of the Rhine, Lorraine, Alsace, Burgundy, Provence, and the Kingdom of Italy (which covered the northern half of the Italian Peninsula). He also received the two imperial cities, Aachen and Rome.
Louis II received Francia Orientalis (the East Frankish kingdom).
He was guaranteed the kingship of all lands to the east of the Rhine (although not the Netherlands to the north of the Rhine) and to the north and east of Italy, altogether called East Francia. It eventually became the High Medieval Kingdom of Germany, the largest component of the Holy Roman Empire.
Charles II received Francia Occidentalis (the West Frankish kingdom).
Pepin II was granted the Kingdom of Aquitaine, but only under the authority of Charles. Charles received all lands west of the Rhône, called West Francia. It eventually became the Kingdom of France.
After Lothair's death in 855, his eldest son, Louis II, inherited Italy and his father's claim to the Imperial throne. Upper Burgundy and Lower Burgundy (Arles and Provence) passed to Lothair's third son, Charles of Provence. The remaining territory north of the Alps, which did not previously have a name, was inherited by Lothair's second son, Lothair II, and was then named Lotharingia (present day Lorraine) after him.




Legacy



The division reflected an adherence to the old Frankish custom of partible or divisible inheritance amongst a ruler's sons, rather than primogeniture (i.e., inheritance by the eldest son) which would soon be adopted by both Frankish kingdoms. Since Lotharingia combined lengthy and vulnerable land borders with poor internal communications as it was severed by the Alps, it was not a viable entity and soon fragmented. This made it difficult for a single ruler to reassemble Charlemagne's empire. Only Charles the Fat achieved this briefly.
In 855, the northern section became fragile Lotharingia, which became disputed by the more powerful states that evolved out of Francia Occidentalis (present day France) and Francia Orientalis (present day Germany). Generations of kings of France and Germany were unable to establish a firm rule over Lothair's kingdom. While the north of Lotharingia was then composed of independent countries, the southern third of Lotharingia, Alsace-Lorraine, was traded back and forth between France and Germany from the 18th to the 20th century. In 1766, it passed to France after the death of Stanisław Leszczyński, who had acquired the region from the German Habsburgs by the Treaty of Vienna (1738) ending the War of Polish Succession (1733–1738). In 1871, Alsace-Lorraine became German, after the victory of Prussia and its German allies over the French in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871). In 1919, it became French again by the Treaty of Versailles (1919), following the French victory over the Germans in World War I (1914–1918). In 1940, Germany reannexed Alsace-Lorraine following Germany's conquest of France. Finally, in 1945, after World War II (1939–1945), Alsace-Lorraine was solidified as French territory, which it remains to this day, more than a thousand years after the Treaty of Verdun. The collapse of the Middle Frankish Kingdom also compounded the disunity of the Italian Peninsula, which persisted into the 19th century.




See also






References






External links


Media related to Treaty of Verdun at Wikimedia Commons

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Treaty of Verdun 843 Map

Treaty of Verdun - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

Treaty of Verdun - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

Treaty of Verdun - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

Treaty of Verdun - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

Treaty of Verdun - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

Treaty of Verdun map – Never Was

Treaty of Verdun: The division of the Carolingian Empire in 843 - Malevus

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• Treaty of Verdun - Wikipedia
• Treaty of Verdun | Carolingian Empire, Charlemagne, Louis the …
• The Treaty of Verdun - ThoughtCo
• Treaty of Verdun - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• Treaty of Verdun - Oxford Reference
• Treaty of Verdun: The Division of the Carolingian Empire in 843
• Treaty Of Verdun - Encyclopedia.com
• Treaty of Verdun - (European History – 1000 to 1500) - Fiveable
• Treaty of Verdun *What was the ‘Treaty of Verduns’ Purpose?
• Treaty of Verdun - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

Treaty of Verdun - Wikipedia

The Treaty of Verdun (French: Traité de Verdun; German: Vertrag von Verdun), agreed to on 10 August 843, ended the Carolingian civil war and divided the Carolingian Empire between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I. The treaty was the culmination of negotiations lasting more than a year.

Treaty of Verdun | Carolingian Empire, Charlemagne, Louis the …

Treaty of Verdun, (August 843), treaty partitioning the Carolingian empire among the three surviving sons of the emperor Louis I (the Pious). The treaty was the first stage in the dissolution of the empire of Charlemagne and foreshadowed the formation of the modern countries of western Europe.

The Treaty of Verdun - ThoughtCo

Oct 20, 2018 · The Treaty of Verdun divided the empire that Charlemagne had built into three portions, which would be governed by his three surviving grandsons. It is significant because it not only marked the beginning of the empire's dissolution, it laid out the general boundaries of what would become individual nation-states of Europe.

Treaty of Verdun - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Treaty of Verdun happened two generations after Charlemagne and divided his empire into three parts. When Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious died in 840, his oldest son Lothair I said that he ruled his younger brothers and their lands.

Treaty of Verdun - Oxford Reference

2 days ago · When their father, Louis the Pious, died in 840 he bequeathed them the united Carolingian empire, but the brothers could not agree on how to divide the inheritance and they fought until 842. Long negotiations then culminated in the meeting in Verdun where the empire was divided into three kingdoms.

Treaty of Verdun: The Division of the Carolingian Empire in 843

Sep 27, 2024 · The Treaty of Verdun was a treaty signed in 843 CE among the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the Emperor of the Carolingian Empire. It divided the empire into three separate kingdoms, marking the beginning of the process …

Treaty Of Verdun - Encyclopedia.com

May 23, 2018 · Treaty of Verdun [1], the partition of Charlemagne's empire among three sons of Louis I [2], emperor of the West. It was concluded in 843 at Verdun on the Meuse or, possibly, Verdun-sur-le-Doubs, Soâne-et-Loire dept., E France.

Treaty of Verdun - (European History – 1000 to 1500) - Fiveable

The Treaty of Verdun, signed in 843, was an agreement that divided the Carolingian Empire into three separate kingdoms among the three grandsons of Charlemagne.

Treaty of Verdun *What was the ‘Treaty of Verduns’ Purpose?

The primary purpose of the Treaty of Verdun was to decide how each son of Louis the Pious would rule. The treaty was meant to define the territories for each son. It also served the purpose of subduing the influence and ambition of Lothair I …

Treaty of Verdun - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

Oct 13, 2024 · The Treaty of Verdun, signed in August 843, was the first of the treaties that divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms among the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne. The treaty signed in Verdun-sur-Meuse ended the three-year Carolingian Civil War.