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- The final piece of the Triangle of U: Evolution of the tetraploid ...
- The final piece of the Triangle of U: Evolution of the …
- Triangle of U - bionity.com
- Re-exploration of U’s Triangle - Nature
- Triangle of U - Wikiwand
- Cytonuclear Interactions and Subgenome Dominance ... - Oxford …
- Introduction :: Brassica Genome
- The last missing piece of the Triangle of U: the evolution of
- Expanding the Triangle of U: Comparative analysis of the
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The triangle of U ( OO) is a theory about the evolution and relationships among the six most commonly known members of the plant genus Brassica. The theory states that the genomes of three ancestral diploid species of Brassica combined to create three common tetraploid vegetables and oilseed crop species. It has since been confirmed by studies of DNA and proteins.
The theory is summarized by a triangular diagram that shows the three ancestral genomes, denoted by AA, BB, and CC, at the corners of the triangle, and the three derived ones, denoted by AABB, AACC, and BBCC, along its sides.
The theory was first published in 1935 by Woo Jang-choon, a Korean-Japanese botanist (writing under the Japanized name "U Nagaharu"). Woo made synthetic hybrids between the diploid and tetraploid species and examined how the chromosomes paired in the resulting triploids.
Woo's theory
The six species are
The code in the "Chr.count" column specifies the total number of chromosomes in each somatic cell, and how it relates to the number n of chromosomes in each full genome set (which is also the number found in the pollen or ovule), and the number x of chromosomes in each component genome. For example, each somatic cell of the tetraploid species Brassica napus, with letter tags AACC and count "2n=4x=38", contains two copies of the A genome, each with 10 chromosomes, and two copies of the C genome, each with 9 chromosomes, which is 38 chromosomes in total. That is two full genome sets (one A and one C), hence "2n=38" which means "n=19" (the number of chromosomes in each gamete). It is also four component genomes (two A and two C), hence "4x=38".
The three diploid species exist in nature, but can easily interbreed because they are closely related. This interspecific breeding allowed for the creation of three new species of tetraploid Brassica. (Critics, however, consider the geological separation too large.) These are said to be allotetraploid (containing four genomes from two or more different species); more specifically, amphidiploid (with two genomes each from two diploid species).
Further relationships
The framework proposed by Woo, although backed by modern studies, leaves open questions about the time and place of hybridization and which species is the maternal or paternal parent. B. napus (AACC) is dated to have originated about 8,000 or 38,000–51,000 years ago. The homologous part of its constituent chromosomes has crossed over in many cultivars. B. juncea (AABB) is estimated to have originated 39,000–55,000 years ago. As of 2020, research on organellar genomes shows that B. nigra (BB) is likely the "mother" of B. carinata (BBCC) and that B. rapa (AA) likely mothered B. juncea. The situation with B. napus (AACC) is more complex: some specimens have a rapa-like organellar genome, while the rest indicate an ancient, unidentified maternal plant.
Data from molecular studies indicate the three diploid species are themselves paleohexaploids.
= Allohexaploid species
=In 2011 and 2018, novel allohexaploids (AABBCC) located at the "center" of the triangle of U were created by different means, for example by crossing B. rapa (AA) with B. carinata (BBCC), or B. nigra (BB) with B. napus (AACC), or B. oleracea (CC) with B. juncea (AABB), followed by chromosome duplication of the triploid (ABC) offspring to generate doubled haploid (AABBCC) offspring.
In addition, two stable allohexaploid (AABBSS) intergeneric hybrids between Indian mustard (B. juncea, AABB) and white mustard (Sinapis alba, SS) were created in 2020 by protoplast fusion.
See also
Cultivar
Hybridisation
References
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Triangle of U - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia
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The final piece of the Triangle of U: Evolution of the tetraploid ...
Oct 27, 2022 · Here, we report a chromosome scale 1.31-Gbp genome assembly with 156.9-fold sequencing coverage for B. carinata, completing the reference genomes comprising the …
The final piece of the Triangle of U: Evolution of the …
Aug 12, 2022 · Brassica carinata is an ancient and stress-tolerant crop derived from a hybridization between B. nigra and B. oleracea. The authors present a chromosome-scale genome assembly of B. carinata and compare it to the …
Triangle of U - bionity.com
The Triangle of U is a theory about the evolution and relationships between members of the plant genus Brassica. It says that the genomes of three ancestral species of Brassica combined to …
Re-exploration of U’s Triangle - Nature
May 9, 2018 · The basic foundation for the systematic relationship of the six major Brassica species was classically explained as U’s triangle 3. U’s triangle proposed that the three …
Triangle of U - Wikiwand
The triangle of U (/ uː / OO) is a theory about the evolution and relationships among the six most commonly known members of the plant genus Brassica. The theory states that the genomes …
Cytonuclear Interactions and Subgenome Dominance ... - Oxford …
Feb 23, 2024 · The Brassica triangle of U features 3 diploid species that together have formed 3 separate allotetraploid species on similar evolutionary timescales, providing an ideal system …
Introduction :: Brassica Genome
The species relationship of cultivated Brassicas was described by the “triangle of U” with the three amphidiploid Brassica species B. juncea (AABB, 2n=36), B. napus (AACC, 2n=38) and B. …
The last missing piece of the Triangle of U: the evolution of
Jan 4, 2022 · The Triangle of U describes the evolutionary 103 relationships among six globally important Brassica species that share independently- 104 evolved versions of three core …
Expanding the Triangle of U: Comparative analysis of the
Oct 24, 2024 · Expanding the Triangle of U: Comparative analysis of the Hirschfeldia incana genome provides insights into chromosomal evolution, phylogenomics and high …