Turing Institute GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21

      The Turing Institute was an artificial intelligence laboratory in Glasgow, Scotland, between 1983 and 1994. The company undertook basic and applied research, working directly with large companies across Europe, the United States and Japan developing software as well as providing training, consultancy and information services.


      Formation



      The Institute was formed in June 1983 by Donald Michie, Peter Mowforth and Tim Niblett. It was named after Alan Turing with whom Donald Michie had worked at Bletchley Park during the Second World War.
      The organisation grew out of the Machine Intelligence Research Unit at Edinburgh University with a plan to combine research in artificial intelligence with technology transfer to industry. In 1983, Sir Graham Hills was instrumental in the institute moving to Glasgow where, with support from the Scottish Development Agency, it formed a close working relationship with Strathclyde University. Lord Balfour of Burleigh (chairman) and Shirley Williams joined the board along with a growing team of researchers and AI specialists. Notable amongst these was Stephen Muggleton who was responsible for work developing inductive logic programming.
      Professor Jim Alty moved his Man Machine Interaction (HCI) group (later the Scottish HCI Centre) to the Turing Institute in 1984. The move included a significant expansion of the postgraduate school at the institute. Alty joined the Turing Institute Board and became chief executive. The HCI Centre and the institute collaborated on a wide range of projects.


      Training and resource centre



      In 1984, following the UK Government Alvey Report on AI, the institute became an Alvey Journeyman centre for the UK. Under the guidance of Judith Richards, companies such as IBM (see: John Roycroft), Burroughs, British Airways, Shell and Unilever seconded researchers to develop new industrial AI applications.
      The Turing Institute Library was formed in 1983 and grew by selling access by subscription to its information services. The library developed a large searchable electronic database of content from most of the main AI research and development centres around the world. Library affiliates logged into the system by dial-up and received weekly summaries of newly added items that could be ordered or downloaded as abstracts.
      The publisher Addison-Wesley developed a close working relationship and published the Turing Institute Press series of books.
      In 1984, Alty wrote a text book which was adopted by many universities and a much-cited paper on expert systems (with Mike Coombs).
      Throughout its existence, the institute organised a wide range of workshops and international conferences. Notable among these were the Turing Memorial Lecture Series whose speakers included Tony Hoare, Herbert Simon, and John McCarthy. Major conferences included The British Association's 147th conference in 1985, BMVC'91, IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control (1992) and the Machine Intelligence Series.


      Research and development


      The institute won research funding from the Westinghouse Corporation after it developed a machine learned rule-based system to improve the efficiency of a nuclear power plant. The research funding was used to launch the Freddy 3 advanced robotics project aimed at studying robot learning and robot social interaction. Barry Shepherd developed much of the Freddy 3 software infrastructure. Tatjana Zrimec used the system to investigate how playing robots could develop structured knowledge about their world while Claude Sammut used the system to investigate machine learning and control and helped develop reinforcement learning. Ivan Bratko made several visits to the Turing Institute undertaking research in machine learning and advanced robotics.




      The institute undertook several projects for the US military (e.g. personnel allocation for the US Office of Naval Research), credit card scoring for a South African bank and seed sorting for the Scottish Agricultural Sciences Agency. Other large projects included the ESPRIT Machine Learning Toolbox developing CN2 and electrophoretic gel analysis with Unilever.
      In 1984, the institute worked under contract from Radian Corp to develop code for the Space Shuttle auto-lander. The code was developed with an inductive rule generator, Rulemaster, using training examples from a NASA simulator.
      A similar approach was later used by Danny Pearce to develop qualitative models to control and diagnose satellites for ESA as well as optimising gas flow in the North Sea for Enterprise Oil. Similar approaches based on pole-balancing automata were used to control submersible vehicles and develop a control system for helicopters carrying sling loads. Stephen Muggleton and his group developed inductive logic programming and was involved in the practical use of machine learning for the generation of expert knowledge. Applications included the discovery of rules for protein folding (with Ross King) and drug design as well as systems such as CIGOL that were capable of discovering new concepts and hypotheses.
      In 1986, Alty's HCI group won a major ESPRIT 1 contract to investigate the use of knowledge based systems in process control interfaces called GRADIENT (Graphical Intelligent Dialogues, P600), (with Gunnar Johannsen of Kassel University, Peter Elzer of Clausthal University and Asea Brown Boveri) to create intelligent interfaces for process control operators. This work had a major impact on process control interface design. The initial pilot phase report (Alty, Elzer et al., 1985) was widely used and cited. Many research papers were produced. A follow-on large ESPRIT research project was PROMISE (Process Operators Multimedia Intelligent Support Environment) working with DOW Benelux (Netherlands), Tecsiel (Italy) and Scottish Power (Scotland).
      In 1987, the Turing Institute won a project to build a large, scalable, network-available user-manual for the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT). The worldwide-web-like system was launched in 1988. Its success as a global hypertext resource for its users led to SWIFT sponsoring the Turing Memorial Series of Lectures. The close working relationship came to an end, in part, when a key member of the SWIFT team, Arnaud Rubin, was killed by a terrorist bomb on Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie.
      One of the strongest business relationships the institute had was with Sun Microsystems. Sun funded a series of projects where the key institute personnel were Tim Niblett and Arthur van Hoff. Several projects concerned the development of new user-interface tools and environments, including GoodNeWS, HyperNeWS, and HyperLook. HyperLook was written in PostScript and PDB (an ANSI C to PostScript compiler developed at the institute) and it ran on Sun's NeWS Windowing System. Don Hopkins, while studying at the Turing Institute, ported SimCity to Unix with HyperLook as its front-end.
      Arthur van Hoff left the institute in 1992 and joined Sun Microsystems where he authored the Java 1.0 compiler, the beta version of the HotJava browser and helped with the design of the Java language.
      Throughout the 1980s, the Turing Institute Vision Group developed multi-scale tools and applications. A series of 3D industrial applications was developed and deployed using the multi-scale signal matching (MSSM) technology, specifically:

      3D head modelling
      Robot navigation
      Real time robot camera stereo vergence
      Terrain modelling
      Scene of crime capture of 3D footprints for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
      Maxillofacial reconstruction and denture cast digital archiving with Glasgow Dental School
      Brain model labelling with Guy's Hospital
      Hyper-resolution methods to improve CCTV image quality for Strathclyde Police
      High-speed target tracking for the UK Ministry of Defence
      Virtual backgrounds and camera photogrammetry for BBC broadcast TV.
      3D car body shape reconstruction from wax models; Ford Motor Company, Dearbourn, USA
      With Sun Microsystems using a stereo pair of miniature cameras to create and re-project a normalised straight-on view for teleconferencing.
      Various other robot projects were undertaken at the Turing Institute where key researchers included Paul Siebert, Eddie Grant, Paul Grant, David Wilson, Bing Zhang and Colin Urquhart.
      In 1990, the Turing Institute organised and ran the First Robot Olympics with the venue at the University of Strathclyde.


      Closure


      From 1989 onwards, the company faced financial difficulties that caused it to close in 1994.
      A 1973's James Lighthill Report. (Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey: British Science Research Council) an evaluation of academic research on AI, formed the basis for UK government funding and support, stated "in no part of the field have discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised". Therefore AI research was to be reduced.
      Peter Mowforth, a former member of the Turing team stated, "Someone decided that Britain only really needed three computers as there wasn't much future in it! Not for the last occasion, at a time when Scotland ruled the roost globally, the plug was pulled." Faced with the decline of heavy industry, Britain's failure to invest in cutting-edge science that could prove economically transformative only began to be reversed in the late 80s, in reaction to Japanese advances in software design.
      The technological and commercial empowerment that should have followed was never fulfilled. The institute went out of business in 1994, amid questions in the House of Commons and bitter recriminations between the scientists and the Scottish Development Agency.


      References

    Kata Kunci Pencarian:

    turing instituteturing institute jobsturing institute redundanciesturing institute boardturing institute internshipturing institute ai ethicsturing institute eventsturing institute fundingturing institute aituring institute courses
    Search Results

    turing institute

    Daftar Isi

    Home | The Alan Turing Institute

    The Turing undertakes a wealth of different activities, from new research collaborations to lectures and workshops. Sign up to our mailing lists Learn, Explore and Participate

    About us - The Alan Turing Institute

    The Alan Turing Institute, headquartered in the British Library, London, was created as the national institute for data science in 2015. In 2017, as a result of a government recommendation, we added artificial intelligence to our remit.

    People - The Alan Turing Institute

    Why work at the Turing? Find out some of the reasons why the Turing is a competitive employer

    Opportunities at the Turing - The Alan Turing Institute

    There are many opportunities to work at the Turing, including Fellowships, research engineering, studentships and internships, and business team roles. Jobs View our open vacancies

    Research - The Alan Turing Institute

    Together, The Alan Turing Institute and its partners have invested more than £26m in digital twin research and innovation across a range of projects, including developing foundational theory and applications in the engineering, environmental and social sciences.

    AI UK 2025 | The Alan Turing Institute

    AI UK is a showcase of how data science and AI can be applied to society's biggest challenges, with a focus on The Alan Turing Institute's grand challenges: defence and security, environment and sustainability, and transformation of healthcare.

    AI UK 2024 - The Alan Turing Institute

    The Alan Turing Institute is hosting the fourth edition of AI UK, the UK's national showcase of data science and artificial intelligence (AI) research and innovation. Taking place in March 2024, the two-day event is being held in the heart of Westminster, connecting government, academia, industry, and the rest of the AI ecosystem to discuss the ...

    Artificial intelligence | The Alan Turing Institute

    Turing experts respond to Google AI Chatbot story in the media Experts from The Alan Turing Institute have been responding to reports this week that...

    Our strategy - The Alan Turing Institute

    The Institute was founded in 2015 with a clear and compelling purpose: ‘To make great leaps in the development and use of data science and artificial intelligence (AI) in order to change the world for the better.’

    Impact - The Alan Turing Institute

    The Alan Turing Institute works with academic, industry and government partners on a diverse range of research projects. Below is a selection of stories demonstrating their real-world impact. Head here to read more about the impact of our five-year ‘AI for science and government’ programme (2018-2023).