turkish delight

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      Turkish delight, or lokum (//lɔ.kʊm//) is a family of confections based on a gel of starch and sugar. Premium varieties consist largely of chopped dates, pistachios, hazelnuts or walnuts bound by the gel; traditional varieties are often flavored with rosewater, mastic gum, bergamot orange, or lemon. Other common flavors include cinnamon and mint. The confection is often packaged and eaten in small cubes dusted with icing sugar, copra, or powdered cream of tartar to prevent clinging.
      The origin of modern lokum is not precisely known, though the confection is known to have been produced in the Ottoman Empire since the late 18th century.


      History



      The exact origin of these sweets is yet to be definitively determined, partly due to the origins being fiercely contested amongst Greeks, Turks and Iranians.


      = Turkish claims

      =
      According to the Hacı Bekir confectionary company, Ali Muhiddin Hacı Bekir moved to Constantinople from his hometown Kastamonu and opened his confectionery shop in the district of Bahçekapı in 1777. He produced various kinds of candies and lokum, later including a unique form of lokum made with starch and sugar.
      Tim Richardson, a historian of sweets, has questioned the popular attribution of the invention of Turkish delight to Hacı Bekir, writing that "specific names and dates are often erroneously associated with the invention of particular sweets, not least for commercial reasons". Similar Arab and Persian recipes, including the use of starch and sugar, predate Bekir by several centuries. The Oxford Companion to Food states that although Bekir is often credited with the invention, there is no real evidence for it.


      = Greek claims

      =
      Some sources indicate that the concept of Loukoumi dates back to Byzantine times. There are also claims that It was invented by the Greeks of Asia Minor, where It then became popular throughout the Ottoman empire and Safavid Iran. Regardless, the sweet may have been re-invented since, though this is subject to heavy debate.


      = Iranian claims

      =
      Some sources suggest that similar features were also present in Arab and Persian cuisines. In particular, there are sources claiming that it was invented during the Safavid Iran period.


      Name


      The Turkish names lokma and lokum are derived from the Arabic word luqma(t) (لُقْمَة) and its plural luqam (لُقَم) meaning 'morsel' and 'mouthful' and the alternative Ottoman Turkish name, rahat-ul hulküm, was an Arabic formulation, rāḥat al-hulqūm (رَاحَةُ ٱلْحُلْقُوم‎), meaning 'comfort of the throat', which remains the name in formal Arabic.
      In Libya, Saudi Arabia, Algeria and Tunisia it is known as ḥalqūm, while in Kuwait it is called كبده الفرس kabdat alfaras; in Egypt it is called malban (ملبن [ˈmælbæn]) or ʕagameyya, and in Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria rāḥa (راحة). Its name in various Eastern European languages comes from Ottoman Turkish lokum (لوقوم) or rahat-ul hulküm. Its name in Greek, λουκούμι (loukoumi) shares a similar etymology with the modern Turkish and it is marketed as Greek Delight. In Cyprus, where the dessert has protected geographical indication (PGI), it is also marketed as Cyprus Delight. In Armenian it is called lokhum (լոխում). It is läoma ܠܥܡܐ in Assyrian. Its name in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Israel is rahat lokum, and derives from a very old confusion of the two names found already in Ottoman Turkish; indeed this mixed name can also be found in Turkey today. Its name in Serbo-Croatian is ratluk (ратлук), a reduced form of the same name. In Persian, it is called rāhat-ol-holqum (راحت الحلقوم). In the Indian subcontinent, a variant of it is known as Karachi halwa or Bombay halwa. In Hungary it is called szultán kenyér (Sultan's bread).
      In English, it was formerly alternatively known as "lumps of delight".


      Around the world




      = Europe

      =


      Armenia



      In Armenia, Turkish delight is known as lokhum (լոխում) and is used for various sweets. For example It is used to make Cigarette cookies, (Armenian: սիգարետ թխվածքաբլիթներ) which are soft cookies that are rolled into the form of a cigarette. They are filled with either lokhum, a mixture of sugar, cardamom, and walnuts, or a combination of both. The dough mainly consists of matzoon, butter, eggs, and flour. When finished the pastry gets dusted with powdered sugar.


      Greece and Cyprus


      In Greece, Turkish delight, known as loukoumi (λουκούμι), has been a popular delicacy since the 19th century or earlier, famously produced in the city of Patras (Patrina loukoumia) as well as on the island of Syros and the northern Greek cities Thessaloniki, Serres and Komotini but elsewhere as well. Loukoumi is a common traditional treat, routinely served instead of biscuits along with coffee. In addition to the common rosewater and bergamot varieties, mastic-flavored loukoumi is available and very popular. Another sweet, similar to loukoumi, that is made exclusively in the town of Serres, is Akanés. Cyprus is the only country that has a protected geographical indication (PGI) for this product: Loukoumi made in Yeroskipou is called Λουκούμι Γεροσκήπου (loukoumi geroskipou).


      Bulgaria


      In Bulgarian, Turkish delight is known as lokum (локум) and enjoys some popularity.


      Romania


      In Romania, Turkish delight is called rahat and it is eaten as is or is added in many Romanian cakes called cornulețe, cozonac or salam de biscuiţi.


      Serbia


      In Serbia it is commonly known as ratluk and as well served along tea and coffee.


      Former Ottoman territories in the Balkans


      Turkish delight was introduced to European portions of the Ottoman Empire under its rule and has remained popular. Today it is commonly consumed with coffee. Rosewater and walnut are the most common flavorings.


      Ireland, the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries


      Fry's Turkish Delight, created in 1914, is marketed by Cadbury in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, Canada and New Zealand. It is rosewater-flavored, and covered on all sides in milk chocolate. UK production moved to Poland in 2010. Hadji Bey was an Armenian emigrant to Ireland who in 1902 set up an eponymous company – still in existence – to produce rahat lokoum for the Irish and later UK markets.


      = North America

      =
      In Canada, the Big Turk chocolate bar made by Nestlé consists of dark magenta Turkish Delight coated in milk chocolate.


      = India/Pakistan

      =
      In Karachi, now in Pakistan, the "Karachi halwa" was made with corn flour and ghee and became quite popular. It is said to have been developed by Chandu Halwai which later relocated to Bombay (Mumbai) after the partition in 1947. Some of the confectioners termed it Bombay Halwa to avoid its connection with a Pakistani city. In the year 1896, a confectioner Giridhar Mavji who ran a shop Joshi Budhakaka Mahim Halwawala attempted to replace the starch with wheat flour and thus invented Mahim halwa which consists of flat sheets.


      Related products



      Turkish delight was an early precursor to the jelly bean, inspiring its gummy interior.


      In popular culture


      Turkish delight features as the enchanted confection the White Witch uses to gain the loyalty of Edmund Pevensie in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950) by C. S. Lewis. Sales of Turkish delight rose following the theatrical release of the 2005 film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.


      Cultural significance


      Turkish delight holds deep cultural significance in Greece, Turkey, Iran, and across the Middle East and Eastern Europe. It symbolizes hospitality, generosity, and celebration. In Turkey, lokum is a staple during festive occasions such as weddings, where it symbolizes sweetness and prosperity in the couples' life together. Similarly, during religious festivals like Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, it is exchanged as gifts among family and friends. In Greece, loukoumi is a symbol of hospitality and refinement. It is commonly served to guests alongside tea or coffee, representing warmth and respect for visitors. Lokum's sweet taste is often seen as a metaphor for the sweetness of life and relationships, making it a beloved symbol of joy and togetherness.


      See also



      Aplets & Cotlets – ConfectionPages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
      Botan Rice Candy – Japanese brand of confectionery, Gyūhi – Traditional Japanese sweet
      Dodol – Indonesian sweet toffee
      Greek cuisine – Culinary tradition
      Gumdrop – Type of candy
      Halva – Confections often made from nut butters or flours
      Masghati – Soft, translucent Iranian confection
      Mochi – Japanese rice cake
      Turkish cuisine – Culinary traditions of Turkey
      Marron glacé – Chestnut candy confection from France and Italy


      References




      External links

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    Turkish delight - Wikipedia

    Turkish delight, or lokum (//lɔ.kʊm//) is a family of confections based on a gel of starch and sugar. Premium varieties consist largely of chopped dates, pistachios, hazelnuts or walnuts bound by the gel; traditional varieties are often flavored with rosewater, mastic gum, bergamot orange, or lemon. Other common flavors include cinnamon and mint.

    Turkish Delight (Lokum) Recipe - Simply Recipes

    Mar 10, 2023 · Turkish delight is a deliciously chewy, rose-flavored candy that is a wonderful accompaniment to Turkish coffee or an afternoon tea. Surprisingly easy to make, it’s a lovely personal gift for someone special.

    Turkish Delight Recipe - The Spruce Eats

    Feb 6, 2024 · This Turkish delight recipe is delicately chewy, perfectly sweetened, and authentically flavored with a touch of rosewater.

    The Tastiest Turkish Delight Recipe | A Spicy Perspective

    Dec 5, 2022 · The Tastiest Turkish Delight Recipe – Soft, slightly chewy, perfectly sweet Turkish Delight is a classic candy that is incredibly easy to make at home. Customize this recipe with your favorite flavors for the best homemade Lokum AKA Turkish Delight!

    Turkish Delight (Lokum) - The Mediterranean Dish

    Nov 30, 2022 · Turkish Delight or Lokum as it’s known in Turkey is a delicately flavored jelly candy, perfect for serving any time of year. This recipe is scented with rosewater but you can use cinnamon, orange, vanilla or bergamot instead.

    How to Make Turkish Delight - Taste of Home

    Dec 8, 2023 · A Turkish delight, also known as lokum (pronounced low-COOM) is a confectionary treat that originated in the Ottoman Empire (modern-day Turkey) in the 18th century with early variations dating back to the 15th-century Persian empire.

    Turkish Delight Recipe - The Big Man's World

    Oct 14, 2024 · Also known as Lokum, Turkish delight is a popular confectionery originating in Turkey and popular amongst Middle Eastern countries. These chewy treats are lightly sweetened and flavored with fresh citrus and rosewater for that subtle taste.

    Turkish Delight - Allrecipes

    Nov 18, 2024 · Pour the Turkish delight into the pan, and let cool in a cool, dry place (not the refrigerator) until set, 3 to 4 hours. When cool, sprinkle the top with another thick layer of powdered sugar. Cut into 1-inch squares, and dredge each well with confectioners' sugar.

    Turkish delight recipe - BBC Food

    Tempt your guests with pretty, pink squares of rose-flavoured Turkish delight. Placed in decorative boxes, they make very special gifts.

    LOKUM - Turkish Delight in USA

    Turkish Delight varieties filled with protein-rich nuts and fruits. Vegan and gluten free options available. Authentic and delicious gift for your loved ones.