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TypeScript (abbreviated as TS) is a free and open-source high-level programming language developed by Microsoft that adds static typing with optional type annotations to JavaScript. It is designed for the development of large applications and transpiles to JavaScript.
TypeScript may be used to develop JavaScript applications for both client-side and server-side execution (as with Node.js, Deno or Bun). Multiple options are available for transpilation. The default TypeScript Compiler can be used, or the Babel compiler can be invoked to convert TypeScript to JavaScript.
TypeScript supports definition files that can contain type information of existing JavaScript libraries, much like C++ header files can describe the structure of existing object files. This enables other programs to use the values defined in the files as if they were statically typed TypeScript entities. There are third-party header files for popular libraries such as jQuery, MongoDB, and D3.js. TypeScript headers for the Node.js library modules are also available, allowing development of Node.js programs within TypeScript.
The TypeScript compiler is itself written in TypeScript and compiled to JavaScript. It is licensed under the Apache License 2.0. Anders Hejlsberg, lead architect of C# and creator of Delphi and Turbo Pascal, has worked on the development of TypeScript.




History


TypeScript was released to the public in October 2012, with version 0.8, after two years of internal development at Microsoft. Soon after the initial public release, Miguel de Icaza praised the language itself, but criticized the lack of mature IDE support apart from Microsoft Visual Studio, which was not available on Linux and macOS at the time. As of April 2021 there is support in other IDEs and text editors, including Emacs, Vim, WebStorm, Atom and Microsoft's own Visual Studio Code. TypeScript 0.9, released in 2013, added support for generics.
TypeScript 1.0 was released at Microsoft's Build developer conference in 2014. Visual Studio 2013 Update 2 provided built-in support for TypeScript. Further improvement were made in July 2014, when the development team announced a new TypeScript compiler, asserted to have a five-fold performance increase. Simultaneously, the source code, which was initially hosted on CodePlex, was moved to GitHub.
On 22 September 2016, TypeScript 2.0 was released, introducing several features, including the ability for programmers to optionally enforce null safety, to mitigate what's sometimes referred to as the billion-dollar mistake.
TypeScript 3.0 was released on 30 July 2018, bringing many language additions like tuples in rest parameters and spread expressions, rest parameters with tuple types, generic rest parameters and so on.
TypeScript 4.0 was released on 20 August 2020. While 4.0 did not introduce any breaking changes, it added language features such as Custom JSX Factories and Variadic Tuple Types.
TypeScript 5.0 was released on 16 March 2023 and included support for decorators.




Design


TypeScript originated from the shortcomings of JavaScript for the development of large-scale applications both at Microsoft and among their external customers. Challenges with dealing with complex JavaScript code led to demand for custom tooling to ease developing of components in the language.
Developers sought a solution that would not break compatibility with the ECMAScript standard and its ecosystem, so a compiler was developed to transform a superset of JavaScript with type annotations and classes (TypeScript files) back into vanilla ECMAScript 5 code. TypeScript classes were based on the then-proposed ECMAScript 6 class specification to make writing prototypal inheritance less verbose and error-prone, and type annotations enabled IntelliSense and improved tooling.




Features


TypeScript adds the following syntax extensions to JavaScript:

Type annotations and compile-time type checking
Type inference
Interfaces
Enumerated types
Generics
Namespaces
Tuples
Explicit Resource Management
Syntactically, TypeScript is very similar to JScript .NET, another Microsoft implementation of the ECMA-262 language standard that added support for static typing and classical object-oriented language features such as classes, inheritance, interfaces, and namespaces. Other inspirations include Java and C#.




= Type annotations

=
TypeScript provides static typing through type annotations to enable type checking at compile time.

Primitive types are annotated using all-lowercase types, such as number, boolean, bigint, and string. These types are distinct from their boxed counterparts (Number, Boolean, etc), which cannot have operations performed from values directly (a Number and number cannot be added). There are additionally undefined and null types for their respective values.
All other non-primitive types are annotated using their class name, such as Error. Arrays can be written in two different ways which are both syntactically the same: the generic-based syntax Array and a shorthand with T[].
Additional built-in data types are tuples, unions, never and any:

An array with predefined data types at each index is a tuple, represented as [type1, type2, ..., typeN].
A variable that can hold more than one type of data is a union, represented using the logical OR | symbol (string | number).
The never type is used when a given type should be impossible to create, which is useful for filtering mapped types.
A value of type any supports the same operations as a value in JavaScript and minimal static type checking is performed, which makes it suitable for weakly or dynamically-typed structures. This is generally discouraged practice and should be avoided when possible.
Type annotations can be exported to a separate declarations file to make type information available for TypeScript scripts using types already compiled into JavaScript. Annotations can be declared for an existing JavaScript library, as has been done for Node.js and jQuery.
The TypeScript compiler makes use of type inference when types are not given. For example, the add method in the code above would be inferred as returning a number even if no return type annotation had been provided. This is based on the static types of left and right being numbers, and the compiler's knowledge that the result of adding two numbers is always a number.
If no type can be inferred because of lack of declarations (such as in a JavaScript module without types), then it defaults to the dynamic any type. Additional module types can be provided using a .d.ts declaration file using the declare module "moduleName" syntax.




= Declaration files

=
When a TypeScript script gets compiled, there is an option to generate a declaration file (with the extension .d.ts) that functions as an interface to the components in the compiled JavaScript. In the process, the compiler strips away all function and method bodies and preserves only the signatures of the types that are exported. The resulting declaration file can then be used to describe the exported virtual TypeScript types of a JavaScript library or module when a third-party developer consumes it from TypeScript.
The concept of declaration files is analogous to the concept of header files found in C/C++.

Type declaration files can be written by hand for existing JavaScript libraries, as has been done for jQuery and Node.js.
Large collections of declaration files for popular JavaScript libraries are hosted on GitHub in DefinitelyTyped.




= Generics

=

TypeScript supports generic programming using a syntax similar to Java. The following is an example of the identity function.




= Classes

=
TypeScript uses the same annotation style for class methods and fields as for functions and variables respectively. Compared with vanilla JavaScript classes, a TypeScript class can also implement an interface through the implements keyword, use generic parameters similarly to Java, and specify public and private fields.




= Union types

=




= Enumerated types

=




= Modules and namespaces

=
TypeScript distinguishes between modules and namespaces. Both features in TypeScript support encapsulation of classes, interfaces, functions and variables into containers. Namespaces (formerly internal modules) use JavaScript immediately-invoked function expressions to encapsulate code, whereas modules (formerly external modules) use existing JavaScript library patterns (CommonJS or ES Modules).




Compatibility with JavaScript



As TypeScript is simply a superset of JavaScript, existing JavaScript can be quickly adapted to TypeScript and TypeScript program can seamlessly consume JavaScript. The compiler can target all ECMAScript versions 5 and above, transpiling modern features like classes and arrow functions to their older counterparts.
With TypeScript, it is possible to use existing JavaScript code, incorporate popular JavaScript libraries, and call TypeScript-generated code from other JavaScript. Type declarations for these libraries are usually provided with the source code but can be declared or installed separately if needed.




Development tools






= Compiler

=
The TypeScript compiler, named tsc, is written in TypeScript. As a result, it can be compiled into regular JavaScript and can then be executed in any JavaScript engine (e.g. a browser). The compiler package comes bundled with a script host that can execute the compiler. It is also available as a Node.js package that uses Node.js as a host.
The compiler can "target" a particular edition of ECMAScript (such as ES5 for legacy browser compatibility), but by default compiles for the latest standards.




= IDE and editor support

=
Microsoft provides a plug-in for Visual Studio 2012 and WebMatrix, full integrated support in Visual Studio 2013, Visual Studio 2015, and basic text editor support for Emacs and Vim.
Visual Studio Code supports TypeScript in addition to several other languages, and offers features like debugging and intelligent code completion.
alm.tools is an open source cloud IDE for TypeScript built using TypeScript, ReactJS and TypeStyle.
JetBrains supports TypeScript with code completion, refactoring and debugging in its IDEs built on IntelliJ platform, such as PhpStorm 6, WebStorm 6, and IntelliJ IDEA, as well as their Visual Studio Add-in and extension, ReSharper 8.1.
Atom has a TypeScript plugin with support for code completion, navigation, formatting, and fast compilation.
The online Cloud9 IDE and Codenvy support TypeScript.
A plugin is available for the NetBeans IDE.
A plugin is available for the Eclipse IDE (version Kepler)
TypEcs is available for the Eclipse IDE.
The Cross Platform Cloud IDE Codeanywhere supports TypeScript.
Webclipse An Eclipse plugin designed to develop TypeScript and Angular 2.
Angular IDE A standalone IDE available via npm to develop TypeScript and Angular 2 applications, with integrated terminal support.
Tide – TypeScript Interactive Development Environment for Emacs.




= Integration with build automation tools

=

Using plug-ins, TypeScript can be integrated with build automation tools, including Grunt (grunt-ts), Apache Maven (TypeScript Maven Plugin), Gulp (gulp-typescript) and Gradle (TypeScript Gradle Plugin).




= Linting tools

=
TSLint scans TypeScript code for conformance to a set of standards and guidelines. ESLint, a standard JavaScript linter, also provided some support for TypeScript via community plugins. However, ESLint's inability to leverage TypeScript's language services precluded certain forms of semantic linting and program-wide analysis. In early 2019, the TSLint team announced the linter's deprecation in favor of typescript-eslint, a joint effort of the TSLint, ESLint and TypeScript teams to consolidate linting under the ESLint umbrella for improved performance, community unity and developer accessibility.




= CodeDOM Provider

=
CodeDOM provides types that represent common types of source code elements, which will be transformed to data types, classes and statements etc. of a programming language through a CodeDOMProvider. Programmers use CodeDOM and a CodeDOM provider to construct a code generator that generates codes for an application domain.
TypeScript CodeDOM Provider generates TypeScript codes according to a CodeDOM.




Release history






See also



Dart
Kotlin
JS++
PureScript




References






= Citations

=




= Sources

=




External links


TypeScript project at GitHub

Typescript GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21

Typescript may refer to:

typescript, a manuscript that was typed rather than handwritten
Script, a Unix command for recording terminal sessions whose output is referred to as typescript
TypeScript, a programming language

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Deno (perangkat lunak)
• Perang Pasifik
• Pemrograman berorientasi objek
• Visual Studio Code
• Frederick Russell Burnham
• Eugene O'Neill
• JavaScript
• PyCharm
• Vue.js
• Perang Mormon 1838
• TypeScript
• Typescript
• Manuscript
• Anders Hejlsberg
• React Native
• Typescript of the Second Origin
• Visual Studio Code
• Angular (web framework)
• Tauri (software framework)
• Bun (software)

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Daftar Isi

• Why use triple-equal (===) in TypeScript? - Stack Overflow
• What's the meaning of "=>" in TypeScript? (Fat Arrow)
• In TypeScript, what is the ! (exclamation mark / bang) operator …
• Does Typescript support the ?. operator? (And, what's it called?)
• What does the ampersand (&) mean in a TypeScript type definition?
• What does the `is` keyword do in typescript? - Stack Overflow
• What is TypeScript and why should I use it instead of JavaScript ...
• What does the `in` keyword do in typescript? - Stack Overflow
• How to define Typescript type as a dictionary of strings but with …
• Is key-value pair available in TypeScript? - Stack Overflow

Why use triple-equal (===) in TypeScript? - Stack Overflow

Jul 20, 2019 · JavaScript as the target of compilation (TypeScript design goal 4) All TypeScript must be representable in JavaScript. Further, it should be idiomatic JavaScript where possible. Really though, the TypeScript compiler could use methods returning booleans for all comparisons, doing away with == and === entirely.

What's the meaning of "=>" in TypeScript? (Fat Arrow)

In TypeScript, everything that comes after the : but before an = (assignment) is the type information. So your example is saying that the type of MakePoint is a function that takes 0 arguments and returns an object with two properties, x and y, both numbers. It is not assigning a function to that variable.

In TypeScript, what is the ! (exclamation mark / bang) operator …

Feb 16, 2017 · It is explained in the TypeScript release notes: A new ! post-fix expression operator may be used to assert that its operand is non-null and non-undefined in contexts where the type checker is unable to conclude that fact.

Does Typescript support the ?. operator? (And, what's it called?)

Jan 17, 2017 · At its core, optional chaining lets us write code where TypeScript can immediately stop running some expressions if we run into a null or undefined. The star of the show in optional chaining is the new ?. operator for optional property accesses. Refer to the TypeScript 3.7 release notes for more details.

What does the ampersand (&) mean in a TypeScript type definition?

"Intersection" refers to the resulting type, not the operation performed on the properties.An object belonging to both Type A and Type B must have all properties in A (so that it is an instance of A) while also having all the properties of B (so that it is also an instance of B).

What does the `is` keyword do in typescript? - Stack Overflow

Typescript needs to know that the function into which you pass an object is functioning like a type guard. If it just returns type true or false, how can Typescript know that it's indeed a type guard and not just some arbitrary function that returns true if the object is truthy.

What is TypeScript and why should I use it instead of JavaScript ...

TypeScript is a superset of the JavaScript language that has a single open-source compiler and is developed mainly by a single vendor: Microsoft. The goal of TypeScript is to help catch mistakes early through a type system and to make JavaScript development more efficient. Essentially TypeScript achieves its goals in three ways:

What does the `in` keyword do in typescript? - Stack Overflow

May 7, 2018 · An alternative meaning of in in typescript is in mapped type definition. You can read about them in the handbook or in the pull request. The in keyword is used there as part of the syntax to iterate over all the items in a union of keys.

How to define Typescript type as a dictionary of strings but with …

Mar 23, 2023 · There is no specific type in TypeScript that corresponds to your desired structure. String index signatures must apply to every property, even the manually declared ones like id . What you're looking for is something like a "rest index signature" or a "default property type", and there is an open suggestion in GitHub asking for this: microsoft ...

Is key-value pair available in TypeScript? - Stack Overflow

Apr 7, 2016 · KeyValue interface exists in angular library that uses typescript. So you have this generic interface to use if your project is angular. Or you can use its declaration to get a nice generic KeyValue interface if you are not using TS in angular. export declare interface KeyValue<K, V> { key: K; value: V; }