unrestricted warfare

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      Unrestricted Warfare: Two Air Force Senior Colonels on Scenarios for War and the Operational Art in an Era of Globalization (simplified Chinese: 超限战; traditional Chinese: 超限戰; lit. 'warfare beyond bounds') is a book on military strategy written in 1999 by two colonels in the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Qiao Liang (乔良) and Wang Xiangsui (王湘穗). Its primary concern is how a nation such as China can defeat a technologically superior opponent (such as the United States) through a variety of means. Rather than focusing on direct military confrontation, this book instead examines a variety of other means such as political warfare. Such means include using legal tools (see lawfare) and economic means as leverage over one's opponent and circumvent the need for direct military action.


      Etymology


      Taylor Fravel pointed out a common distortion in translation of the subtitle of the book. While it was translated and understood in the West by many as "China’s Master Plan to Destroy America", the actual subtitle was "Two Air Force Senior Colonels on Scenarios for War and the Operational Art in an Era of Globalization".


      Source of text


      The English translation of the book was first made available by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service in 1999. The book was then published in English by a previously unknown Panamanian publisher, with the subtitle "China's Master Plan to Destroy America" and a picture of the burning World Trade Center on the cover. A French translation was published in 2003.
      The text has been cited by the US government, e.g. on a military website by James Perry who states:

      In February 1999, the PLA Literature and Arts Publishing House issued Unrestricted Warfare, a book written by two PLA air force political officers, Senior Col Qiao Liang and Senior Col Wang Xiangsui. The venue for publication and the laudatory reviews of the book in official publications suggested that Unrestricted Warfare enjoyed the support of some elements of the PLA leadership. The Western press quoted various sensational passages from the book and described it in terms that verged on hyperbole. The book was not a blueprint for a “dirty war” against the West but a call for innovative thinking on future warfare.


      Weaknesses of the United States


      The book argues that the primary weakness of the United States in military matters is that the US views revolution in military thought solely in terms of technology. The book further argues that to the US, military doctrine evolves because new technology allows new capabilities. As such, the book argues that the United States does not consider the wider picture of military strategy, which includes legal, economic, information, technological and biological factors, making the case that the United States is vulnerable to attack along asymmetric lines.
      Certain passages of the book have aroused controversy, specifically sections suggesting terrorism as a form of asymmetric warfare in order to weaken technologically superior enemies such as the United States. Additionally, analysts have also praised the book for seemingly prescient predictions of 9/11, 3 years before the date of actual events taking place:

      Whether it be the intrusion of hackers, a major explosion at the World Trade Center, or a bombing attack by Bin Laden, all of these greatly exceed the frequency of bandwidth understood by the American military. The American military is naturally inadequately prepared to deal with this type of enemy psychologically, in terms or measure, and especially as regard military thinking and the methods of operation derived from this.


      Alternative methods of attack


      Reducing one's opponent, the book notes, can be accomplished in a number of ways other than direct military confrontation. The book notes that these alternative methods "have the same and even greater destructive force than military warfare, and they have already produced serious threats different from the past and in many directions for...national security."


      = List of methods of attack

      =
      psychological warfare
      smuggling warfare
      media warfare
      drug warfare
      network warfare
      technological warfare
      fabrication warfare
      resources warfare
      economic aid warfare
      cultural warfare
      international law warfare


      Defense against unrestricted warfare


      The authors note that an old-fashioned mentality that considers military action the only offensive action is inadequate given the new range of threats. Instead, the authors advocate forming a "composite force in all aspects related to national interest. Moreover, given this type of composite force, it is also necessary to have this type of composite force to become the means which can be utilized for actual operations. This should be a "grand warfare method" that combines all of the dimensions and methods in the two major areas of military and non-military affairs so as to carry out warfare. This is the opposite of the formula for warfare methods brought forth in past wars."


      Impact and reception


      Originally published as a work of military theory, the book has recently garnered renewed interest amongst the backdrop of deteriorating US-China relations and the trade war initiated by the first Trump Administration. The book is the subject of extensive study by both current and former members of the US military establishment with numerous papers and articles published on the subject by the National Defense University, Army University Press and the School of Advanced Warfighting. The book is also the source of inspiration for many separate books such as Stealth War and War Without Rules by US Air Force Brigadier General Robert Spalding.
      Contents of the book has also been cited as the source of inspiration for hardline US policies towards the People's Republic of China by former chief strategist to the president of the United States Steve Bannon.

      The whole [Chinese] strategy is to avoid kinetic warfare and focus on information and economic [warfare]....I told him [Trump] China has been engaging in an economic war against us for the past 20 or 25 years.


      See also


      Assassin's Mace
      Chinese information operations and information warfare
      United Front Work Department
      Thirty-Six Stratagems


      References




      External links



      Full text of Unrestricted Warfare
      Full PDF of Unrestricted Warfare

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    Book Review: Unrestricted Warfare - Australian Army

    Feb 13, 2025 · Unrestricted Warfare is a treatise authored by two PLA Senior Colonels in 1998. Once translated, it garnered considerable interest in the West. Mentions in English-language books peaked in 2009 as measured by Google’s Ngram Viewer but from 2016 it has experienced a revival as China’s aggressive statecraft has captured the world’s attention.

    The Necessity of an Amphibious Strategy | Australian Army …

    Jul 30, 2017 · War is a highly institutionalized form of warfare and political violence that involves major powers and involves a penetration of political borders. Whether the decision to forward power project enables stability or responds to unrestricted warfare, the procurement and advancement of the amphibious platform capability necessitates the ...

    Thinking Deep: The need for a Deep Battle Concept for the …

    Jun 28, 2022 · The recent infusion of information warfare in the battlespace, as well as the concepts of ‘unrestricted’ and ‘hybrid’ warfare, pose questions about how Army applies violence. [6] [7] Most crucially, these new concepts enable adversaries to initiate targeting and theatre-setting campaigns across great depths of the battlespace. [8]

    Military Strategic Co-Adaptation over the 20th Century

    Title: Military Strategic Co-Adaptation over the 20th Century Author: Andrew Maher Subject: Chart of wars, military theories and state actors on a timeline from the 1910's to the 2020s

    Transforming Land Power - Australian Army

    warfare in the battlespace, as well as the concepts of ‘unrestricted’ and ‘hybrid’ warfare, pose questions about how Army applies violence.6 Most crucially, these new concepts enable adversaries to initiate targeting and theatre-setting campaigns across great depths of the battlespace.7 Paired with this is the challenges presented by ...

    There is only War | Australian Army Research Centre (AARC)

    May 7, 2019 · Russian non-linear warfare and Chinese Unrestricted Warfare recognise that there is only war and warfare. We must also recognise that warfare is a whole. Warfare consists of physical and informational aspects that must work together, under one reasoned plan, to shape people’s perception.

    Exploiting the Technological Spectrum to Generate SOF …

    p. 305). For example, the seeds of China’s Unrestricted Warfare concept were sown in the success of the US-led coalition air-land battle in the 1991 Gulf War (Liang & Xiangsui, 1999, p. xix), which highlighted the global supremacy of US military technology in conflict. Similarly, the technological superiority

    The Difference Between Allies and Friends - Australian Army

    Jul 27, 2023 · Qiao, L. & Wang, X., 1999, Unrestricted Warfare, PLA Literature and Arts Publishing House, Beijing. English translation cited, published in 2004 by Filament Books, USA, p. 214. [5] This quotation references the statement “a soldier will fight long and hard for a bit of coloured ribbon” often attributed to Napoleon Bonaparte, although there ...

    How are Drones Changing Modern Warfare? - Australian Army

    Aug 1, 2024 · The UAVs used in modern warfare has altered the dynamics of military operations, offering unique tactical advantages and enhanced the operational efficiency in various combat scenarios [1]. Drones have been used for various purposes, including surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeted strikes (see Figure 1).

    Future Land Warfare Collection 2021: Creating the Joint ISR …

    Jul 27, 2021 · This construct realises the timely and fused analytical enterprise required in the era of accelerated warfare which is specified in the 2020 DSU. An example of how these proposals can be realistically applied is through an ISR enterprise approach to support the remit of the Deployable Joint Force Headquarters (DJFHQ) South-West Pacific remit.