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In Hinduism, Vanara (Sanskrit: वानर, lit. 'forest-dwellers') are either monkeys, apes, or a race of forest-dwelling people.
In the epic the Ramayana, the Vanaras help Rama defeat Ravana. They are generally depicted as humanoid apes, or human-like beings.
Etymology
There are three main theories about the etymology of the word "Vanara":
Aiyanar suggests that vanara means "monkey" derived from the word vana ("forest"), Literally meaning "belonging to the forest" Monier-Williams says it is probably derived from vanar (lit. "wandering in the forest") and means "forest-animal" or monkey.
Devdutt Pattanaik suggests that it derives from the words vana ("forest"), and nara ("man"), thus meaning "forest man" and suggests that they may not be monkeys, which is the general meaning.
It may be derived from the words vav and nara, meaning "is it a man?" (meaning "monkey") or "perhaps he is man".
Identification
Although the word Vanara has come to mean "monkey" over the years and the Vanaras are depicted as monkeys in the popular art, their exact identity is not clear. According to the Ramayana, Vanaras were shapeshifters. In the Vanara form, they had beards with extended sideburns, narrowly shaved chin gap, and no moustache. They had a tail and razor-sharp claws. Their skin and skeleton were inforced with an indestructible Vajra, which no earthly element could penetrate. Unlike other exotic creatures such as the rakshasas, the Vanaras do not have a precursor in the Vedic literature. The Ramayana presents them as humans with reference to their speech, clothing, habitations, funerals, weddings, consecrations etc. It also describes their monkey-like characteristics such as their leaping, hair, fur and a tail. Aiyanagar suggests that though the poet of the Ramayana may have known that vanaras were actually forest-dwelling people, he may portrayed them as real monkeys with supernatural powers and many of them as amsas (portions) of the gods to make the epic more "fantastic".
According to one theory, the Vanaras are semi-divine creatures. This is based on their supernatural abilities, as well as descriptions of Brahma commanding other deities to either bear Vanara offspring or incarnate as Vanaras to help Rama in his mission. The Jain re-tellings of Ramayana describe them as a clan of the supernatural beings called the Vidyadharas; the flag of this clan bears monkeys as emblems.: 334
G. Ramdas, based on Ravana's reference to the Vanaras' tail as an ornament, infers that the "tail" was actually an appendage in the dress worn by the men of the Savara tribe. (The female Vanaras are not described as having a tail.: 116 ) According to this theory, the non-human characteristics of the Vanaras may be considered artistic imagination. In Sri Lanka, the word "Vanara" has been used to describe the Nittaewos mentioned in the Vedda legends.
In the Ramayana
Vanaras are created by Brahma to help Rama in battle against Ravana. They are powerful and have many godly traits. Taking Brahma's orders, the gods began to parent sons in the zion of Kishkindha (identified with parts of present-day Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra). Rama first met them in Dandaka Forest, during his search for Sita. An army of Vanaras helped Rama in his search for Sita, and also in battle against Ravana, Sita's abductor. Nala and Nila built a bridge over the ocean so that Rama and the army could cross to Lanka. As described in the epic, the characteristics of the Vanara include being amusing, childish, mildly irritating, badgering, hyperactive, adventurous, bluntly honest, loyal, courageous, and kind.
Other texts
The Vanaras also appear in other texts, including Mahabharata. The epic Mahabharata describes them as forest-dwelling, and mentions their being encountered by Sahadeva, the youngest Pandava.
Shapeshifting
In the Ramayana, the Vanara Hanuman changes shape several times. For example, while he searches for the kidnapped Sita in Ravana's palaces on Lanka, he contracts himself to the size of a cat, so that he will not be detected by the enemy. Later on, he takes on the size of a mountain, blazing with radiance, to show his true power to Sita.
Notable Vanaras
Angada, son of Vali, successor of Sugriva, who helped Rama find his wife Sita
Anjana, Hanuman's mother
Hanuman, devotee of the god Rama and son of Vayu
Kesari, Hanuman's father
Mainda and Dvivida, sons of Ashvins
Macchanu, son of Hanuman (per the Cambodian and Thai versions)
Makardhwaja, son of Hanuman (per the Indian versions)
Nala, son of Vishwakarma
Nila, son of Agni
Rumā, wife of Sugriva
Sharabha, son of Parjanya
Sugriva, king of Kishkindha, son of Surya
Sushena, son of Varuna
Taar, son of Brihaspati
Tara, wife of Vali
Vali, Sugriva's brother and son of Indra
References
External links
Media related to Vanara at Wikimedia Commons
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Artikel Terkait "vanara"
What happened to the Vanara Sena after the Ramayana?
15 Jun 2015 · In the Ramayana, the Vanara Sena (monkey clan) made a glorious impact and registered its strong presence headed by Lord Hanuman, Vali, and Sugriva. But after that there is no major presence or mark made by this clan. What happened to the clan of mighty warriors of the Vanara Sena after the Ramayana?
terminology - Is the word vanara mentioned for a particular race in ...
12 Jul 2020 · In Sanskrit, "Vanara" means "human-like". A few members of Vanaras knew Vedas, Arthashastras, Ayurvedas and even a bit of politics. This is not quite a trait that can be ascribed to monkeys! In the entire Valmiki Ramayana, Valmiki never mentioned about tails of Vanara females (for example, Ruma - wife of Sugreeva, Tara - wife of Vali and so on).
ramayana - What happened to the vanaras who travelled in other ...
[4-47-6] Cmdr. Vinata, the great-mighty vanara, came back after searching eastern quarter as Sugreeva had advised, but without finding Seetha there. [4-47-7] Even the valiant and matchless monkey Shatabali explored whole of the northern direction along with his army, but he too came back as Seetha is undiscovered there.
What happened to the Vanara Sena who had died in the …
30 Jun 2020 · What happened to the Vanara Sena after the Ramayana? describes about the vanaras who had returned from the war with their lives. But What happened to those Vanara Sena who had died in the war, who had given their lives fighting for truth? I heard that, all of them again got their lives and freed from pains by lord Rama.
Who are Nala and Nila in Ramayan? - Hinduism Stack Exchange
23 Des 2017 · Nala and Nila were valiant Vanaras and fought against Ravana. They were born due to boons from the Devatas. The names seems similars but they are not twins not even brothers. The twins in the Vanara army were Mainda and Dvivida. Nala. He was the son of divine Architect Vishwakarma. He acquired skills just like his father.
According to Valmiki Ramayana, was Hanuman a human being …
The opulent/marvellous monkey son of Vayudeva known by the name Hanuman. Whose body is as indestructible as the Vajra of Indra and in speed only Garuda, the son of Vinita can match him. Among other vanara, he is the most intelligent and powerful! And here in …
Newest 'vanaras' Questions - Hinduism Stack Exchange
22 Jun 2024 · Stack Exchange Network. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.
Some questions regarding Valmiki Ramayana - Hinduism Stack …
11 Apr 2020 · a vAnara is there by name Sugreeva, who is vengefully reneged by his brother Vali, the son of Indra. From this part onwards, Valmiki sometimes used the word कपिम् also. It is not clear from the usage of vAnara - वानरः, whether Valmiki was referring to monkeys or a separate race, having tail.
Why don't the Vanaras use weapons? - Hinduism Stack Exchange
20 Des 2018 · I want to know why the Vanara never used weapons such as swords, bows, chakras, clubs, etc., since it has always been shown in Valmiki Ramayana that the Vanara as Hanuman and Sugriva used wrestling, used trees as weapons and even the mountains, but never used swords, bows, spears, chakras, etc. What is the reason for not using these weapons?
In Ramayana, how was Nala able to build the Rama Setu?
16 Sep 2015 · In Ramayana, almost all Vanaras are the incarnation or Ansha of some deity and so was the Nala. Nala was the son of Vishvakarma (the divine architect) and he had a boon of his father.