- Void (composites)
- Void
- Void ratio
- Composite material
- Porosity
- Composite pattern
- Pore
- Dental composite
- Composite laminate
- Fiber volume ratio
- What You Should Know About Composites …
- Characterisation of voids in fibre reinforced composite materials
- Void Content Determination of Carbon Fiber Reinforced …
- Standard Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
- Voids in fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review …
- Voids in fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review …
- Void Content of Reinforced Plastics ASTM D2734 - Intertek
- Void and Moisture Content of Fiber Reinforced …
- Porosity, voids and bridging in prepreg autoclave and …
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A void or a pore is three-dimensional region that remains unfilled with polymer and fibers in a composite material. Voids are typically the result of poor manufacturing of the material and are generally deemed undesirable. Voids can affect the mechanical properties and lifespan of the composite. They degrade mainly the matrix-dominated properties such as interlaminar shear strength, longitudinal compressive strength, and transverse tensile strength. Voids can act as crack initiation sites as well as allow moisture to penetrate the composite and contribute to the anisotropy of the composite. For aerospace applications, a void content of approximately 1% is still acceptable, while for less sensitive applications, the allowance limit is 3-5%. Although a small increase in void content may not seem to cause significant issues, a 1-3% increase in void content of carbon fiber reinforced composite can reduce the mechanical properties by up to 20%
Quantification
Void content in composites is represented as a ratio, also called void ratio, where the volume of voids, solid material, and bulk volume are taken into account. Void ratio can be calculated by the formula below where e is the void ratio of the composite, Vv is the volume of the voids, and Vt is the volume of the bulk material.
Void Ratio
(
e
)
=
V
v
V
t
−
V
v
{\displaystyle {\text{Void Ratio}}(e)={\frac {V_{v}}{V_{t}-V_{v}}}}
Formation
Voids are considered defects in composite structures and there are several types of voids that can form in composites depending on the fabrication route and matrix type. Among other factors that can influence the quantity and location of voids are pre-preg impregnation, surface morphology, curing parameters, compaction pressure, fiber bridging, excessive resin bleed, and the thickness of layup .
A resin with a high viscosity will likely produce voids in a composite. It is difficult for a resin or matrix with a high viscosity to penetrate the original void spaces between adjacent fibers. This will cause voids to form close the fiber surface. Preventing these voids becomes a more daunting task when the fibers are packed tightly together in a composite
A high void proportion can be obtained in a composite due to errors in processing as well. If the temperature used for curing is too low for the particular matrix used, complete degassing might not occur. However, if the temperature used for curing is too high for a particular matrix, gelation might occur too rapidly and voids may still be present . For example, if a laminate composite is cured at a temperature that is too low for the particular matrix used, the resin viscosity could remain high and hinder removing the void spaces between individual plies Some resins can cure at room temperature while other resins require temperatures up to 200 °C, but curing above or below the required temperature for a particular matrix can increase the amount of voids present in a composite. If the injection pressure in a resin injection pultrusion process is not high enough, the resin or matrix might not be able to penetrate the fiber bed to completely wet out the fibers without voids. Entrapped air or bubbles can be formed in the resin during resin mixing or as a result of mechanical gas entrapment by dual scale fingering in fibrous reinforcements. If these bubbles are not removed before the wetting of the fibers or curing of the composite, the bubbles could become voids that can be found throughout the final composite structure.
Reduction
Because voids are viewed as defects in composite materials, many methods are applied for reducing voids in composites. Traditionally, using vacuum bagging system and autoclave under pressure and heat will minimize or prevent voids from forming.
The vacuum bagging system combined with autoclave is a common method used in industrial processes to achieve a low void content for thermoset composites. Vacuum evacuation is the way reducing exciting amount of voids by physically transporting the voids out of the resin and fiber network through vacuum lines, and it is influenced by the viscosity of resin. Autoclave pressure is used to assist vacuum in removing trapped air and excess resin while at the same time preventing volatiles from coming out of the resin at high temperatures.
Optimization of injection flow rate is often calculated to minimize voids in Resin Transfer Molded (RTM) or Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI) composites. During the injection phase, a liquid resin impregnates the fibers before curing and solidification, often creating voids in the part during the injection. Through an algorithm between fluid flow velocity (v) and the percentages of macro-voids (V1) and micro-voids (V2)
V
1
=
−
32.28
−
11.8
⋅
log
(
v
)
{\displaystyle V_{1}=-32.28-11.8\cdot \log(v)}
V
2
=
6.35
+
2.35
⋅
log
(
v
)
{\displaystyle V_{2}=6.35+2.35\cdot \log(v)}
an optimized rate can be obtained and the voids in RTM and VARI composites can be reduced, thus improving properties of the composite.
References
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
VOID Technologies - A Materials Science Company
VOID Technologies - A Materials Science Company
VOID Technologies - A Materials Science Company
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void composites
Daftar Isi
What You Should Know About Composites …
Nov 14, 2017 · A void is the unintended third phase present in nearly all composite materials. Voids are unoccupied pores in the material – essentially, “empty” space filled with gas instead of solid material.
Characterisation of voids in fibre reinforced composite materials
Mar 1, 2012 · Voids and porosity are critical imperfections in fibre reinforced composite materials. The aim of this study is to assess the comparative accuracy and reliability of conventional and …
Void Content Determination of Carbon Fiber Reinforced …
This paper addresses void content characterization and the constituent content of composite materials by resorting to a comparison of destructive and non-destructive methods. The work …
Standard Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
Nov 14, 2023 · Higher void contents usually mean lower fatigue resistance, greater susceptibility to water penetration and weathering, and increased variation or scatter in strength properties. …
Voids in fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review …
Nov 20, 2018 · Voids, the most studied type of manufacturing defects, are inevitable in processing of fiber-reinforced composites. Due to their considerable influence on physical and thermomechanical properties...
Voids in fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review …
Nov 20, 2018 · Void morphology in composites built up from UD prepregs has been studied the most. Stone and Clarke 99 reported a change in the void morphology with an increase in the void content, from small and spherical …
Void Content of Reinforced Plastics ASTM D2734 - Intertek
Intertek conducts void measurement testing of polymers and composites material, using ASTM method D2734. Void Content measures the voids in reinforced polymers and composites. …
Void and Moisture Content of Fiber Reinforced …
Oct 6, 2021 · In this paper, a short review on the void and moisture content studies of fiber reinforced composites for both, synthetic and natural based fibers are presented.
Porosity, voids and bridging in prepreg autoclave and …
May 26, 2021 · Consideration of materials, methods and systems explores ways to reduce potential surface porosity, voids, resin-rich areas, bridging and other flaws in composite laminates.