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The Yakshas (Sanskrit: यक्ष, IAST: Yakṣa, Pali: Yakkha) are a broad class of nature spirits, usually benevolent, but sometimes mischievous or capricious, connected with water, fertility, trees, the forest, treasure and wilderness. They appear in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist texts, as well as ancient and medieval era temples of South Asia and Southeast Asia as guardian deities. The feminine form of the word is IAST: Yakṣī or Yakshini (Sanskrit: यक्षिणी, IAST: Yakṣiṇī; Pali: Yakkhini).
In Hindu, Jain and Buddhist texts, the yakṣas have a dual personality. On the one hand, a yakṣa may be an inoffensive nature-fairy, associated with woods and mountains; but there is also a darker version of the yakṣa, which is a kind of (bhuta) that haunts the wilderness and waylays and devours travellers, similar to the rakṣasas.




Early yakshas



Yakshas appear in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist texts. Several monumental yakshas are known from the time of the Maurya Empire period. They are variously dated from around the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century BCE. These statues are monumental (usually around 2 metres tall), and often bear inscriptions related to their identification as yakshas. They are considered as the first known monumental stone sculptures in India. Two of these monumental yakshas are known from Patna, one from Vidisha and one from Parkham, as well as one yakshini from Vidisha. The yakṣas may have originally been the tutelary deity of a city, district, lake, or well. Their worship, together with popular belief in nagas (serpent deities), feminine fertility deities, and mother goddesses, may have had its origin among the early Hindu people of India. Yaksha worship coexisted with the priest-conducted sacrifices of the Vedic period. They were later viewed as the steward deities of the earth and the wealth buried beneath.




= Kubera

=

In Hindu, Buddhist and Jain Religion, Kubera, wealth and prosperity, is considered the king of the yakshas and protector of the world (Lokapāla). In Buddhism, he is equated with Vaiśravaṇa.

His many epithets extol him as the overlord of numerous semi-divine species and the owner of the treasures of the world. Kubera is often depicted with a plump body, adorned with jewels, carrying a money-pot and a club. His vahana (vehicle) is the mongoose. He is often seen with Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth, fortune and prosperity.




In Buddhism



In Buddhist literature, the yakṣa are the attendants of Vaiśravaṇa, the guardian of the northern quarter, a beneficent god who protects the righteous. The term also refers to the Twelve Heavenly Generals who guard Bhaiṣajyaguru, the Medicine Buddha. The yakshas of many Buddhist stories are ugly ogres, reborn in that form because of sins committed during their past lives as humans.
One such malevolent yaksha, Silesaloma, appears in the Jataka tales of the Pali Buddhist canon. In the story "Prince Five-Weapons and the Sticky-Haired Demon", Silesaloma is described as being the height of a palm tree, with sharp teeth and two yellow tusks, and a coat of thick, matted fur. A bodhisattva named Prince Panchayudha (Five-Weapons) attempted to kill Silesaloma, but all his attacks, from both his weapons and his bare hands, were thwarted by Silesaloma's sticky hair. Ultimately, Prince Panchayudha impressed Silesaloma with his bravery, and the yaksha decided to let him go. Panchayudha explained that Silesaloma's monstrous state was caused by wicked deeds from his past lives, and he taught the yaksha the five precepts, after which Silesaloma renounced violence and transformed into a friendly forest spirit.
The Mahāmāyūrīvidyārājñī Sūtra, a text that dates back to fourth century or earlier (translated from the Sanskrit by Kumarajiva), gives a large list of yakshas that reside in the classical cities of ancient India who are invoked to seek the protection of the BuddhaDharma:




In Jainism



Jains mainly maintain cult images of Arihants and Tirthankaras, who have conquered the inner passions and attained moksha. Yakshas and yakshinis are found in pair around the cult images of Jinas, serving as guardian deities. The yaksha is generally on the right-hand side of the Jina image while the yakshini is on the left-hand side. They are regarded mainly as devotees of the Jina and have supernatural powers. They are also wandering through the cycles of births and deaths just like the worldly souls, but have supernatural powers.

The Harivamsapurana (783 CE) refers to them as Shasandevatas. Initially among the yakshas, Manibhadra and Purnabadra yakshas and Bahuputrika yakshini were popular. The yaksha Manibhadra is worshipped by the Jains affiliated with the Tapa Gachchha. During tenth and thirteenth centuries yaksha Saarvanubhuti, or Sarvahna and yakshinis Chakreshvari, Ambika, Padmavati, and Jwalamalini became so popular that independent temples devoted to them were erected.
Yakshas and yakshinis are common among the Murtipujaka Śvētāmbara and Bispanthi Digambara Jains. The Digambara Terapanth movement opposes their worship. Among the Murtipujaka Śvētāmbaras, the Tristutik Gaccha sect (both historical founded by Silagana and Devabhadra, and the modern sect organised by Rajendrasuri) object to the worship of shruta-devatas.




= Shasan devatas in Jainism

=
In Jainism, there are twenty-four yakshas and twenty-four yakshis that serve as śāsanadevatās for the twenty-four tirthankaras: These yakshas are as follows:




In poems


In Kālidāsa's poem Meghadūta, for instance, the yakṣa narrator is a romantic figure, pining with love for his missing beloved. By contrast, in the didactic Hindu dialogue of the Yakṣapraśnāḥ "Questions of the Yakṣa", it is a tutelary spirit of a lake that challenges Yudhiṣṭhira.
In Mahavamsa poem of Sri Lanka, a local population is given the term Yakkhas. Prince Vijaya encountered the royalty of the yakkhas' queen, Kuveni, in her capital of Lanka pura and conquered them.




In Nepal
























In Nepal, squat stone versions of yakshas (sometimes twinned) were used as elements in construction. Their role was that of a caryatid, which supports a part of the building, for example a column. However, they are best known for their appearance under the spouts of ancient drinking fountains, especially fountains built in the Licchavi era (c. 400–750 AD). Bhagiratha sculptures are more commonly found under spouts from the Malla period (c. 1201–1779 AD).




In Thailand



Yakshas (Thai: ยักษ์, RTGS: Yak) are an important element in Thai temple art and architecture. They are common as guardians of the gates in Buddhist temples throughout the country since at least the 14th century. Ceramic sculptures of guardian yakshas were produced in Thailand, during the Sukhothai and Ayutthaya periods, between the 14th and 16th centuries, at several kiln complexes in northern Thailand. They are mostly depicted with a characteristic face, having big round bulging eyes and protruding fangs, as well as a green complexion. Yakshas and their female counterparts are common in the Buddhist literature of Thailand, such as in The Twelve Sisters and Phra Aphai Mani. As ogres, giants, and ogresses, yakshas are present as well in Thai folklore.
yo yak "ย ยักษ์" is also used as an illustration in order to name the letter ย, the 34th consonant of the Thai alphabet, according to the traditional letter symbols Thai children use to memorise the alphabet.




In Sri Lanka


Yakshas are regarded as one of the ancient clans of Sri Lanka. The word "Yagasha" has been found in a cave inscription in Tamketiya in Nailgala, Kaltota written in early Brahmi script. Professor Raj Somadeva translates the word as 'belonging
to Yakshas' or 'who wrote this inscription are Yakshas'. In Sinhalese, Demons
are also known as yakshayo (Singular: Yakshaya).




Gallery































See also






References



28.Roar Media Archive
https://archive.roar.media
The Raksha, the Yaksha, the Naga, and the Nittaewo: The Fabled Tribes Of Sri Lanka
29.ResearchGate
https://www.researchgate.net
(PDF) The Yakka Tribes of Ancient Sri Lanka and the Nature of Contemporary Yakka Beliefs
M. D. Kumudini Maddumage
University of Colombo
30.Daily Mirror - Sri Lanka
https://www.dailymirror.lk
Sri Lanka before it became predominantly Buddhist
by P K Balachandra
31.Medium · Uditha Devapriya
https://udithadevapriya.medium.com
Reflections on the fluidity of our identity
by Uditha Devapriya - Medium

32.Behance
https://www.behance.net
Sri Lankan "Yaksha" & "Raksha"
Mr Rohan Wijekoon
33.Erasmusu.com
https://erasmusu.com
Sri Lankan history
(part two- the tragedy of the love story)
Dr. Mirando Obeysekere
34.PressReader.com
https://www.pressreader.com
A NOVEL HYPOTHESIS IN A REVIVAL OF KING RAVANA
Dr. Mirando Obeysekere
35.Colombo Telegraph
https://www.colombotelegraph.com
Raj Somadeva's Yakhshi: Excellent Exposition Of History To Laymen
Dr. W.A. Wijewardena




Sources


Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend (ISBN 0-500-51088-1) by Anna Dhallapiccola




External links


Media related to Yaksha at Wikimedia Commons
Concept of Yakshi (archived 21 July 2011)

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A yaksha as a gate guardian (dvarapala) at Plaosan temple in Indonesia In Buddhist literature, the yakṣa are the attendants of Vaiśravaṇa , the guardian of the northern quarter, a beneficent god who protects the righteous.

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The yaksha mask-like design found on the Nine Pillars. The pillars seen at Cuijue Slope, in their unbroken form, are adorned with what appears to be a yaksha mask.

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Jan 24, 2025 · yaksha, in the mythology of India, a class of generally benevolent but sometimes mischievous, capricious, sexually rapacious, or even murderous nature spirits who are the custodians of treasures that are hidden in the earth and in the roots of trees. They are powerful magicians and shape-shifters.

Yaksha: The Nature Spirits and Guardians of Wealth

Discover the mystical Yaksha, nature spirits and guardians of wealth in ancient mythology, revered for their protective powers and connection to the natural world.

Yaksha: The Mythical Spirit of Nature

Yaksha is a supernatural being that has roots in Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist mythology. The Yakshas are usually depicted as benevolent nature spirits that are associated with water, fertility, trees, the forest, treasure, and wilderness.

Who are Yakshas? - Hinduism Stack Exchange

Dec 24, 2017 · Yaksha (Sanskrit yakṣa, Pali yakkha) is the name of a broad class of nature-spirits (or demons), usually benevolent, who are caretakers of the natural treasures hidden in the earth and tree roots. They appear in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist texts.

Unveiling the Mysteries of Yaksha Myth: Nature, Fertility ...

The Yaksha myth holds a significant historical and cultural presence in various religious traditions, including Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. These mythical beings are deeply rooted in Indian folklore and are associated with nature, fertility, and hidden treasures.