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- The Complete Poems of Yu Xuanji - translated by Leonard Ng
- Yu Xuanji | The Poetry Foundation
- Yu Xuanji Shi Ji - University of Virginia
- Introduction - Yu Xuanji - University of Virginia
- Two Poems - Poetry Daily
- Yu Xuanji in Poetry Magazine
- The Complete Poems of Yu Xuanji - Asymptote
- Early Autumn by Yu Xuanji - Chinese Poetry
- Yu Xuanji - Modern Poetry in Translation
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Yu Xuanji (simplified Chinese: 鱼玄机; traditional Chinese: 魚玄機; pinyin: Yú Xuánjī; Wade–Giles: Yü Hsüan-chi, c. 840 – c. 868), courtesy names Youwei (Chinese: 幼薇; pinyin: Yòuwēi) and Huilan (simplified Chinese: 蕙兰; traditional Chinese: 蕙蘭; pinyin: Huìlán), was a Chinese female poet, courtesan, and Daoist nun during the late Tang dynasty that was born in Chang'an. Along with Xue Tao, she was one of the foremost poets of the Tang dynasty.
Biography
Little information is available about the relatively short life of Yu Xuanji. She was born or grew up in Tang capital Chang'an. She was a concubine or a lesser wife to an official named Li Yi (simplified Chinese: 李亿; traditional Chinese: 李億; pinyin: Lǐ Yì) at 16, separating three years later because of Li's primary wife's dislike of Yu. Likewise, she was also a courtesan. Scholar Jinhua Jia, however, contends that the label of courtesan is a misunderstanding derived from information added in later editions to slander her.
She had a "painted boat" on the Wei River. Yu later took her vows and became a Daoist nun at the Xianyi guan (咸宜觀, Abbey of Universal Benefit). Daoist nuns were at the time known for their sexual freedom During her time as a nun she travelled frequently and her travels influenced her writing. Yu had a reputation for being sexually adventurous and is recognised by some as China's first openly bisexual female.
She was a fellow of Wen Tingyun, to whom she addressed a number of poems. Apart from names and dates in her poems, the tabloid-style Little Tablet from the Three Rivers, (三水小牘), gives the only purported facts about her life. These are however salacious in detail: it reports she had an affair with Wen Tingyun, lived a scandalously promiscuous life, and was executed by decapitation at the age of 28 for allegedly strangling her maid, Luqiao, to death. This account is considered semi-legendary, and may be a reflection of the traditional distrust of women who were strong-willed and sexually independent.
Poetry
Yu Xuanji is distinctive for the quality of her poems, including many written in what seems to be a remarkably frank and direct autobiographical style; that is, using her own voice rather than speaking through a persona. In her lifetime, her poems were published as a collection called Fragments of a Northern Dreamland, which has been lost. The forty-nine surviving poems were collected in the Quan Tangshi, mainly for their freak value in an anthology that also included poems from ghosts and foreigners.
English translations
Published in 1998, her work was translated by the team of David Young and Jiann I. Lin. In the 2000s, her work was translated by Stephen Owen and Justin Hill.
Name
Her family name, Yu, is relatively rare. Her given name, Xuanji, means something like "Profound Theory" or "Mysterious Principle," and is a technical term in Daoism and Buddhism. "Yòuwēi" means something like "Young and Tiny;" and, Huìlán refers to a species of fragrant orchid.
Media
In 1984 the Shaw Brothers Studio in Hong Kong made a film about her life entitled 唐朝豪放女 (An Amorous Woman of Tang Dynasty), starred Pat Ha and Alex Man.
In 1988, the Asia Television Limited in Hong Kong filmed an anthology drama series about her life, titled 歷代奇女子 (Those Famous Women in Chinese History), starred Bonnie Ngai, Pat Poon and Kingdom Yuen
Yu Xuanji is the subject of the 1915 short story Gyogenki by Japanese author Mori Ōgai. She was the nun in Robert van Gulik's 1968 "Judge Dee" novel Poets and Murder.
Justin Hill's Somerset Maugham Award award-winning novel Passing Under Heaven reimagines Yu Xuanji's life.
References
Sources
Chang, Kang-i Sun; Saussy, Haun; Kwong, Charles Yim-tze (1999). Women Writers of Traditional China: An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804732314.
Fu, Shousun, "Yu Xuanji". Encyclopedia of China (Chinese Literature Edition), 1st ed. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. (in Chinese)
Kohn, Livia; Roth, Harold David (2002). Daoist Identity: Cosmology, Lineage, and Ritual. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2504-1.
Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue (2014). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618-1644. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 9780765643162.
Minford, John, ed. (2000). Classical Chinese literature: an anthology of translations. Vol. 1: From antiquity to the Tang Dynasty. Vol. 1 (1 ed.). New York: Columbia Univ. Press. p. 972. ISBN 978-962-996-048-3.
Mori, Ogai (1991). Dilworth, David; Rimer, J. Thomas (eds.). The Historical Fiction of Mori ÅOgai. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824813666.
Xuanji, Yu; Yü, Hsüan-chi (1998). The Clouds Float North: The Complete Poems of Yu Xuanji. Translated by Young, David; Lin, Jiann I. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819563446.
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Yu Xuanji - Wikipedia
Yu Xuanji (simplified Chinese: 鱼玄机; traditional Chinese: 魚玄機; pinyin: Yú Xuánjī; Wade–Giles: Yü Hsüan-chi, c. 840 – c. 868), courtesy names Youwei (Chinese: 幼薇; pinyin: Yòuwēi) and Huilan (simplified Chinese: 蕙兰; traditional Chinese: 蕙蘭; pinyin: Huìlán), [1] was a Chinese female poet, courtesan, and Daoist ...
The Complete Poems of Yu Xuanji - translated by Leonard Ng
The Tang Dynasty poetess Yu Xuanji lived roughly between the years 844 and 868 in the capital city of of Chang’an (present-day Xi’an). She was executed in her early to mid-twenties for the murder of one of her maids.
Yu Xuanji | The Poetry Foundation
Yu Xuanji (840–868) was raised in the Tang capital and was one of the most famous female poets in premodern Chinese literature.
Yu Xuanji Shi Ji - University of Virginia
Author: Yu, Xuanji, 842-872. Translator Creation of machine-readable version: University of Virginia Library Chinese Text Initiative. Conversion to TEI.2-conformant markup: University of Virginia Library Chinese Text Initiative.
Introduction - Yu Xuanji - University of Virginia
Outside her remarkable poems, we know very little about Yu Xuanji. Her surname, Yu, which means "fish," is unusual. Her given name, Xuanji (Hsuan-chi in Wade-Giles romanization), means something like "dark secret" or "mysterious luck."
Two Poems - Poetry Daily
Oct 13, 2023 · As the poem begins, Yu Xuanji sets the tone for the flexible nature of both the imagery and the practitioner’s mind by pointing to the flexible nature of water. This imagistic conceit first appears in chapter 18 of the Dao De Jing as an expression of a common Daoist ideal.
Yu Xuanji in Poetry Magazine
Aug 8, 2023 · The new issue of Ancient Exchanges, “Threads,” is now live, and with it three translations of mine of poetry by Yu Xuanji 魚玄機 (840–868). The shape of water conforms to its container: we know it is indeterminate.
The Complete Poems of Yu Xuanji - Asymptote
Yu Xuanji was a Tang dynasty poet who lived approximately between 844 and 868 in the Chinese capital of Chang'an. She was, by turns, a courtesan, a concubine, and a Daoist nun, and was supposedly executed in her early twenties for having murdered her own maid in …
Early Autumn by Yu Xuanji - Chinese Poetry
May 28, 2024 · How to read a Chinese poem? Like an English poem, but more so. Everything is there for a reason, so try to find that reason. Think about all the possible connotations, and be aware of the different possibilities of number and tense. Look for contrasts: within lines, between the lines of each couplet and between successive couplets.
Yu Xuanji - Modern Poetry in Translation
Yu Xuanji (830-856) is China’s foremost female poet, who lived during the last years of the Tang Dynasty (618-907). She was married at sixteen as a concubine; divorced when she was nineteen, and after a time spent as a Daoist nun and courtesan, she was executed at the age of twenty-six, after murdering her maid.