- Source: Appellate Body
The Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTOAB) is a standing body of seven persons that hears appeals from reports issued by panels in disputes brought on by WTO members. The WTOAB can uphold, modify or reverse the legal findings and conclusions of a panel, and Appellate Body Reports, once adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), must be accepted by the parties to the dispute. The WTOAB has its seat in Geneva, Switzerland. It has been termed by at least one journalist as "effectively the supreme court of world trade".
Since 2019, when the Donald Trump administration blocked appointments to the body, the Appellate Body has been unable to enforce WTO rules and punish violators of WTO rules. Subsequently, disregard for trade rules has increased, leading to more trade protectionist measures. The Joe Biden administration has maintained Trump's freeze on new appointments.
History
The WTOAB was established in 1995 under Article 17 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU).“A standing Appellate Body shall be established by the DSB. The Appellate Body shall hear appeals from panel cases. It shall be composed of seven persons, three of whom shall serve on any one case. Persons serving on the Appellate Body shall serve in rotation. Such rotation shall be determined in the working procedures of the Appellate Body.”
= Blocking of adjudicator appointments
=Under the mandate of the Trump administration, the US held up appointments to the WTOAB. David Walker was appointed to chair the WTODSB with the mandate to solve this thorny problem. A journalist said that the delay was an effort to skew arbitration in the favour of the US. On 9 April 2019, US Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer said in reference to past adjudications over the policy of zeroing that the WTOAB had been "overreaching", as the government of Justin Trudeau was punished by the Trump administration over softwood lumber.
The Trump defect crystallised on 11 December 2019. In default of an WTOAB adjudication board, the EU and Canada reached an agreement whereby the WTOAB is replicated as closely as possible. Under this agreement, former WTO judges will hear appeals between the two entities after the Trump defect has been crystallized. The Trump administration has repeatedly pleaded for redress and is using the leverage at its disposal.
= Multiparty Interim Appeal Arbitration
=In March 2020, the European Union and 15 other WTO members agreed to a Multiparty Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA). This gave access to an alternative appellate mechanism (arbitration as an appellate mechanism) while the Appellate Body is not functional. Its provisions mirror the usual WTO appeal rules and can be voluntarily used between any WTO members to resolve disputes. The European Commissioner for Trade Phil Hogan said: "This is a stop-gap measure to reflect the temporary paralysis of the WTO's appeal function for trade disputes ... We will continue our efforts to restore the appeal function of the WTO dispute settlement system as a matter of priority." Since being announced, the People's Republic of China and other WTO member nations have joined the MPIA.
A pool of ten arbitrators were announced on 31 July 2020 marking the operational start of the MPIA. The arbitrators appointed were José Alfredo Graça Lima (Brazil) Valerie Hughes (Canada), Alejandro Jara (Chile), Guohua Yang (China), Claudia Orozco (Colombia), Joost Pauwelyn (EU), Mateo Diego-Fernandez Andrade (Mexico), Penelope Ridings (New Zealand), Locknie Hsu (Singapore), and Thomas Cottier (Switzerland).
Members
The following is a list of members of the WTOAB including their nationality and term of office.
= Current
=There are currently no Members of the Appellate Body.
See Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration for an alternative arrangement used by some WTO member nations and list of appointed arbitrators.
= Previous
=Hong Zhao (lawyer), China, 1 December 2016 — 30 November 2020
Hyun Chong Kim, South Korea, 2016 — 2017
Shree Baboo Chekitan Servansing, Mauritius, 2014 — 2018
Seung Wha Chang, South Korea, 2012 — 2016
Thomas R. Graham, United States, 2011 — 2015 & 2015 — 2019
Ujal Singh Bhatia, India, 2011 — 2015 & 2015 — 2019
Peter Van den Bossche, Belgium, 2009 — 2013 & 2013 — 2017
Ricardo Ramírez-Hernández, Mexico, 2009 — 2013 & 2013 — 2017
Yuejiao Zhang, China, 2008 — 2012 & 2012 — 2016
Shotaro Oshima, Japan, 2008 — 2012
Lilia R Bautista, Philippines, 2007 — 2011
Jennifer A. Hillman, United States, 2007 — 2011
David Unterhalter, South Africa, 2006 — 2009 & 2009 — 2013
Merit E. Janow, United States, 2003 — 2007
Luiz Olavo Baptista, Brazil, 2001 — 2005 & 2005 — 2009
Giorgio Sacerdoti, Italy, 2001 — 2005 & 2005 — 2009
John Lockhart (lawyer), Australia, 2001 — 2005 & 2005 — 2006
Arumugamangalam Venkatachalam Ganesan, India, 2000 — 2004 & 2004 — 2008
Georges Michel Abi-Saab, Egypt, 2000 — 2004 & 2004 — 2008
Yasuhei Taniguchi, Japan, 2000 — 2003 & 2003 — 2007
James Bacchus, United States, 1995 — 1999 & 1999 — 2003
Claus-Dieter Ehlermann, Germany, 1995 — 1997 & 1997 — 2001
Julio Lacarte Muró, Uruguay, 1995 — 1997 & 1997 — 2001
Florentino Feliciano, Philippines, 1995 — 1997 & 1997 — 2001
Christopher Beeby, New Zealand, 1995 — 1999 & 1999 — 2000
Said El-Naggar, Egypt, 1995 — 1999 & 1999 — 2000
Mitsuo Matsushita, Japan, 1995 — 1999 & 1999 — 2000
References
External links
Appellate Body on WTO website
How dispute settlement works
Jens Lehne, Crisis at the WTO: Is the Blocking of Appointments to the WTO Appellate Body by the United States Legally Justified?, Berlin/Bern 2019
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Badan Banding
- Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa
- Barang sejenis
- Julio Lacarte-Muró
- Ricardo Ramírez-Hernández
- Ujal Singh Bhatia
- Lilia R Bautista
- Georges Michel Abi-Saab
- Shree Baboo Chekitan Servansing
- Christopher Beeby
- Appellate Body
- Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization
- Amicus curiae
- World Trade Organization
- Dispute Settlement Body
- AfCFTA Dispute Settlement Mechanism
- High court
- TRIPS Agreement
- Trial court
- Dispute resolution
