• Source: Arcellinida

Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida, Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially enclosed in a simple test (shell).
Arcellinid testate amoebae are commonly found in soils, leaf litter, peat bogs and near/in fresh water. They use their pseudopodia, a temporary cell extension, for moving and taking in food. Like most amoebae, they are generally believed to reproduce asexually via binary fission. However a recent review suggests that sexual recombination may be the rule rather than the exception in amoeboid protists in general, including the Arcellinid testate amoebae.




Morphology



Arcellinida always have a shell or testa. The tests lie outside the cell membrane and consist of organic or mineral materials that are either secreted or incorporate external particles. The testa has a single main opening.
Simple tests are made by secretion (autogenous tests), agglutination of foreign material (xenogenous tests), or sometimes a combination of both. Past environmental changes can be determined by analysing the composition of fossil tests, including the reconstruction of past climate change. Testate amoebae species have been used to reconstruct hydrological changes over the late Holocene, as a result of individual species possessing a narrow tolerance for ecohydrological conditions such as water-table depth or pH.




Evolutionary history


Fossils of arcellinid testate amoebae date back to the Tonian stage of the Proterozoic, around 789-759 million years ago. The fossils indicate that by 730 million years ago, arcellinids had already diversified into major lineages.
Testate amoebae are theorized to be mostly polyphyletic (coming from more than one ancestral type), but testaceafilosea, one group of testate amoebae, are theorized to be monophyletic. Ancient tests of terrestrial fauna are commonly found in fossilized amber, although mid-Cretaceous testate amoeba (i.e., Diffligia, Cucurbitella) have been found in ancient lake sediments. It is likely that the group has evolved minimally over the course of the Phanerozoic.




Classification



The classification of Arcellinida, as of 2019:

Suborder Phryganellina Bovee 1985
Family Phryganellidae Jung 1942
Phryganella Penard 1902
Family Cryptodifflugiidae Jung 1942
?Prantlitina Vasicek & Ruzicka 1957
?Pseudocucurbitella Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1960
?Pseudowailesella Sudzuki 1979
Cryptodifflugia Penard 1890 [Difflugiella Cash 1904; Geococcus Francé 1913 non Green 1902]
Meisterfeldia Bobrov 2016
Wailesella Deflandre 1928
Suborder Organoconcha Lahr et al. 2019
Family Microchlamyiidae Ogden 1985
Microchlamys Cockerell 1911 [Pseudochlamys Claparede & Lachmann 1859 non Lacordaire 1848 non Comas 1977]
Pyxidicula Ehrenberg 1838 non Ehrenberg 1834 non Strelnikova & Nikolajev 1986
Spumochlamys Kudryavtsev & Hausmann 2007
Suborder Glutinoconcha Lahr et al. 2019
Infraorder Volnustoma Lahr et al. 2019
Family Heleoperidae Jung 1942
Awerintzewia Schouteden 1906
Heleopera Leidy 1879
Infraorder Hyalospheniformes Lahr et al. 2019
Family Hyalospheniidae Schulze, 1977 [Nebelidae Taranek 1882]
?Apolimia Korganova 1987
?Deflandria Jung 1942
?Heleoporella Couteaux 1978
?Leidyella Jung 1942
?Metaheleopera Bartos 1954
?Marsipos Medioli et al. 1990
?Paranebela Jung 1942
?Penardiella Kahl 1930
?Pseudogeamphorella Décloitre 1964 nomen nudum
?Pseudohyalosphenia Stepanek 1967 nomen nudum
?Pterygia Jung 1942 non Roeding 1798 non Link 1807 non Laporte 1832
?Schaudinnia Jung 1942 non Schulze 1900
?Umbonaria Jung 1942
Alabasta Duckert et al. 2018
Alocodera Jung 1942a
Apodera Loeblich & Tappan 1961
Certesella Loeblich & Tappan 1961
Cornutheca Kosakyan et al. 2016
Gibbocarina Kosakyan et al. 2016
Hyalosphenia Stein 1859
Longinebela Kosakyan et al. 2016
Mrabella Kosakyan et al. 2016
Nebela Leidy 1875
Padaungiella Lara & Todorov 2012
Planocarina Kosakyan et al. 2016
Porosia Jung 1942
Quadrulella Cockerell 1909 [Quadrula Schulze 1875 non Rafinesque 1820]
Infraorder Excentrostoma Lahr et al. 2019
?Centropyxiella Valkanov 1970
?Oopyxis Jung 1942
Family Centropyxidae
Armipyxis Dekhtiar 2009
Centropyxis Stein 1857 [Echinopyxis Claparede & Lachmann 1859 non Pantocsek 1913; Collaripyxidia Zivkovic 1975; Toquepyxis Laminger 1971]
Conicocassis Nasser & Patterson 2015
Proplagiopyxis Schönborn 1964
Family Plagiopyxidae
Bullinularia Deflandre 1953 [Bullinula Penard 1911]
Geoplagiopyxis Chardez 1961
Hoogenraadia GauthierLievre & Thomas 1958
Paracentropyxis Bonnet 1960
Plagiopyxis Penard 1910
Planhoogenraadia Bonnet 1977
Protoplagiopyxis Bonnet 1962
Infraorder Longithecina Lahr et al. 2019
Family Lesquereusiidae [Paraquadrulidae Deflandre 1953]
Fabalesquereusia Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
Lesquereusia Schlumberger 1845
Microquadrula Golemansky 1968
Paraquadrula Deflandre 1932
Pomoriella Golemansky 1970
Family Difflugiidae Wallich 1864
?Lagenodifflugia Medioli & Scott 1983
?Maghrebia Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1958
?Pentagonina Bovee & Jahn 1974 [Pentagonia Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1958 non Cozzens 1846; Falsidifflugia Haman 1988]
?Pseudopontigulasia Oye 1956
?Sexangularia Awerintzew 1906
?Suiadifflugia Green 1975
?Zivkovicia Ogden 1987
Armatodifflugia Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
Difflugia Leclere 1815 ex Lamarck 1816
Mediolus Patterson 2014
Nabranella Snegovaya & Alekperov 2009
Pelecyamoeba Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
Pontigulasia Rhumbler 1895
Pseudonebela Gauthier-Lievre 1954 non Schönborn 1964
Infraorder Sphaerothecina Kosakyan et al. 2016
?Cornuapyxis Couteaux & Chardez 1981
?Cucurbitella Penard 1902 non Walpers 1846
?Ellipsopyxella Bonnet 1975
?Ellipsopyxis Bonnet 1965
?Protocucurbitella Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1960 non Naumov
Family Distomatopyxidae Bonnet 1970
Distomatopyxis Bonnet 1970
Family Lamtopyxidae Bonnet 1974
Lamtopyxis Bonnet 1974
Family Netzeliidae Kosakyan et al. 2016 [Cyclopyxidae Schönborn 1989]
Cyclopyxis Bonnet 1953
Netzelia Ogden 1979
Family Arcellidae Ehrenberg 1832
Antarcella Ehrenberg 1838
Arcella Deflandre 1928 [Arcellina Carter 1856 non DuPlessis 1876 non Haeckel 1894; Cyphidium Ehrenberg 1837 non Magnus 1875; Leptocystis Playfair 1918]
Trigonopyxidae Loeblich 1964
Geopyxella Bonnet & Thomas 1955
Trigonopyxis Penard 1912
Arcellinida incertae sedis:

Argynnia Vucetich, 1974
Awerintzewia Schouteden, 1906
Geamphorella Bonnet, 1959
Jungia Loeblich & Tappan 1961
Lagenodifflugia Medioli & Scott, 1983
Lamtoquadrula Bonnet 1975
Leptochlamys West 1901
Maghrebia Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas, 1960
Ochros Medioli et al. 1990
†Palaeoleptochlamys Strullu-Derrien et al. 2019
Physochila Jung 1942
Pseudawerintzewia Bonnet 1959
Sacculus Medioli et al. 1990 non Gosse 1851 non Hirase 1927 non Neviani 1930
Schoenbornia Decloitre 1964
Swabia
Family Bipseudostomatidae Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
Bipseudostomatella Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
Gomocollariella Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
Family Mississippiellidae Huddleston & Haman 1985
Mississippiella Haman 1982
Family Shamkiriidae Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
Shamkiriella Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005




References






External links


ISTAR, the International Society for Testate Amoeba Research
Tree of Life: Arcellinida
An article by G. T. Swindles
Protozoa: The testate amoebae
BioImages: The Virtual Field-Guide (UK) - TESTACEA (Testate amoebae)
Pictures of testate amoebae
The Cushman Foundation Thecamoebian Page

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Amoebozoa
• Kriogenium
• Difflugia
• Arcellinida
• Tubulinea
• Difflugia
• Arcella
• Alabasta
• Testate amoebae
• Amoebozoa
• Corycidia
• Heleopera
• Nebela