• Source: Arihant (Jainism)

Arihant (Jain Prakrit: अरिहन्त, Sanskrit: अर्हत् arhat, lit. 'conqueror') is a jiva (soul) who has conquered inner passions such as attachment, anger, pride and greed. Having destroyed four inimical karmas, they realize pure self. Arihants are also called kevalins (omniscient beings) as they possess kevala jnana (pure infinite knowledge). An arihant is also called a jina ("victor"). At the end of their life, arihants destroy remaining karmas and attain moksha (liberation) and become siddhas. Arihantas have a body while siddhas are bodiless pure spirit. The Ṇamōkāra mantra, the fundamental prayer dedicated to Pañca-Parameṣṭhi (five supreme beings), begins with Ṇamō arihantāṇaṁ, "obeisance to the arihants".
Kevalins - omniscient beings - are said to be of two kinds

Tirthankara kevalī: 24 human spiritual guides who after attaining omniscience teach the path to salvation.
Sāmānya kevalī: Kevalins who are concerned with their own liberation.
According to Jains, every soul has the potential to become an arihant. A soul which destroys all kashayas or inner enemies like anger, ego, deception, and greed, responsible for the perpetuation of ignorance, becomes an arihant.




Philosophy



According to Jain texts, omniscience is attained on the destruction of four types of karmas– deluding, the knowledge-obscuring, the perception-obscuring and the obstructive karmas, in the order mentioned. The arihants are said to be free from the following eighteen imperfections:

janma – (re)birth
jarā – old-age
triśā – thirst
kśudhā – hunger
vismaya – astonishment
arati – displeasure
kheda – regret
roga – sickness
śoka – grief
mada – pride
moha – delusion
bhaya – fear
nidrā – sleep
cintā – anxiety
sveda – perspiration
rāga – attachment
dveśa – aversion
maraņa – death




= Omniscience

=

In Jainism, omniscience is said to be the infinite, all-embracing knowledge that reflects, as it were in a mirror, all substances and their infinite modes, extending through the past, the present and the future. According to Jain texts, omniscience is the natural attribute of the pure souls. The self-attaining omniscience becomes a kevalin. Pandit Banarasidas in Samaysaar Natak describes the Omniscient soul as:

जोग धरै रहै जोगसौं भिन्न,
अनंत गुनातम केवलज्ञानी ।
तासु हृदै-द्रहसौं निकसी,
सरितासम है श्रुत-सिंधु समानी ।।
याते अनंत नयातम लच्छन,
सत्य स्वरूप सिधंत बखानी ।
बुद्ध लखै न लखै दुरबुद्ध,

सदा जगमाँहि जगै जिनवानी ।।३।।
Meaning: The omniscient Lord has perfect complete knowledge. He does have physical form but has separated self from the material body. From His heart-type of lake, a river has come out in the form of spiritual preachings and has merged into the ocean of holy scriptures. Therefore, such doctrines are called ultimate truth, encompassing infinite partial points of views. The aspirant souls end up recognising such principles. The foolish wrong faithed persons fail to identify such truth. May such Omniscient knowledge of Arihants be victorious in the universe!
The four infinitudes (ananta cātuṣṭaya) are:

ananta jñāna, infinite knowledge
ananta darśana, perfect perception due to the destruction of all darśanāvaraṇīya karmas
ananta sukha, infinite bliss
ananta vīrya – infinite energy




Tirthankaras



Those arihants who re-establish the Jain faith are called tirthankaras. Tirthankaras revitalize the sangha, the fourfold order consisting of male saints (sādhus), female saints (sādhvis), male householders (śrāvaka) and female householders (srāvika).
The first tirthankara of the current time cycle was Ṛṣabhanātha, and the twenty-fourth and last Tirthankara was Mahavira, who lived from 599 BCE to 527 BCE.

Jain texts mention forty-six attributes of arihants or tirthankaras. These attributes comprise four infinitudes (ananta chatushtaya), thirty-four miraculous happenings (atiśaya), and eight splendours (prātihārya).
The eight splendours (prātihārya) are:

aśokavrikśa – the Ashoka tree
siṃhāsana– bejeweled throne
chatra – three-tier canopy
bhāmadal – halo of unmatched luminance
divya dhvani – divine voice of the Lord without lip movement
puśpavarśā – shower of fragrant flowers
camara – waving of sixty-four majestic hand-fans
dundubhi – dulcet sound of kettle-drums and other musical instruments




Liberation


At the time of nirvana (final release), the arihant sheds off the remaining four aghati karmas:

Nama (physical structure forming) karma
Gotra (status forming) karma
Vedniya (pain and pleasure causing) karma
Ayushya (life span determining) karma
These four karmas do not affect the true nature of the soul and are therefore called aghati karmas.




Worship



In the Ṇamōkāra mantra, Namo Arihantanam, Namo Siddhanam, Jains worship the arihants first and then to the siddhas, even though the latter are perfected souls who have destroyed all karmas but arihants are considered to be at a higher spiritual stage than siddhas. Since siddhas have attained ultimate liberation, they probably are not directly accessible but may be through the wisdom they passed on. However arihants are accessible for spiritual guidance of human society until their nirvana. The Dravyasaṃgraha, a major Jain text, states:

Having destroyed the four inimical varieties of karmas (ghātiyā karmas), possessed of infinite faith, happiness, knowledge and power, and housed in most auspicious body (paramaudārika śarīra), that pure soul of the World Teacher (Arihant) should be meditated on.




See also


God in Jainism
Jainism and non-creationism
Śramaṇa




Notes






References


Jain, Vijay K. (2013). Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha. Vikalp Printers. ISBN 9788190363952. Non-copyright
Jain, Vijay K. (26 March 2014), Acarya Pujyapada's Istopadesa – the Golden Discourse, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 9788190363969
Rankin, Aidan (2013), "Chapter 1. Jains Jainism and Jainness", Living Jainism: An Ethical Science, John Hunt Publishing, ISBN 978-1780999111
Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2001), Aspects of Jaina religion (3 ed.), Bharatiya Jnanpith, ISBN 81-263-0626-2




External links


Quotations related to Arihant (Jainism) at Wikiquote

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Sramana
• Arihant (Jainism)
• Arhan
• Arihant
• Jina
• Mahavira
• God in Jainism
• Jainism
• INS Arihant
• Jain symbols
• Padmaprabha