Bahasa hewan adalah bentuk komunikasi hewan non-manusia yang menunjukkan kemiripan dengan Bahasa manusia. hewan berkomunikasi dengan menggunakan berbagai tanda seperti suara atau gerakan. Penggunaan tanda atau simbol semacam ini dapat dianggap cukup kompleks untuk disebut sebagai suatu bentuk Bahasa jika memiliki banyak koleksi tanda, tanda-tandanya relatif arbitrer, dan dilakukan hewan diluar insting atau ekspresi. Dalam penelitian eksperimental, adanya komunikasi semacam ini antar hewan juga dapat dibuktikan melalui penggunaan leksigram (seperti yang digunakan oleh simpanse dan bonobo). Banyak peneliti berpendapat bahwa komunikasi hewan tidak memiliki aspek kunci dari Bahasa manusia, yaitu penciptaan pola-pola baru dari berbagai simbol dalam beberapa keadaan. Sebaliknya, manusia secara rutin menghasilkan kombinasi kata yang sama sekali baru. Beberapa peneliti, termasuk ahli Bahasa Charles Hockett, berpendapat bahwa Bahasa manusia dan komunikasi hewan sangat berbeda sehingga prinsip yang mendasarinya tidak berhubungan. Oleh karena itu, ahli Bahasa Thomas A. Sebeok telah mengusulkan untuk tidak menggunakan istilah "Bahasa" pada sistem tanda hewan. Sementara itu, Marc Hauser, Noam Chomsky, dan W. Tecumseh Fitch menegaskan adanya kontinum evolusi antara metode komunikasi Bahasa hewan dan manusia.

Referensi

Bacaan lanjutan

Bickerton, D. (2005). Language evolution: a brief guide for linguists. link Deacon, T. W. (1997) The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Human Brain. Allen Lane: The Penguin Press, ISBN 0-393-03838-6 Fitch, W.T.; Hauser, M.D. (2004). "Computational constraints on syntactic processing in a nonhuman primate" (PDF). Science. 303 (5656): 377–380. Bibcode:2004Sci...303..377F. doi:10.1126/science.1089401. PMID 14726592. Fouts, R. S. (1973). "Acquisition and testing of gestural signs in four young chimpanzees". Science. 180 (4089): 978–80. Bibcode:1973Sci...180..978F. doi:10.1126/science.180.4089.978. PMID 17735931. Gardner R. Allen and Gardner Beatrice T. (1980) Comparative psychology and language acquisition. In Thomas A. Sebok and Jean-Umiker-Sebok (eds.): Speaking of Apes: A Critical Anthology of Two-Way Communication with Man. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 287–329. Gomez, R.L; Gerken, L. (2000). "Infant artificial language learning and language acquisition". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 4 (5): 178–186. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01467-4. PMID 10782103. Goodall, J. (1964). "Tool Using and Aimed Throwing in a Community of Free-Living Chimpanzees". Nature. 201 (4926): 1264–1266. Bibcode:1964Natur.201.1264G. doi:10.1038/2011264a0. PMID 14151401. Hauser, M.D.; Chomsky, N.; Fitch, W.T. (2002). "The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?". Science. 298 (5598): 1569–1579. doi:10.1126/science.298.5598.1569. PMID 12446899. Hayes, C. (1951). The Ape in Our House. New York: Harper & Row. Herman, L. M.; Forestell, P. H. (1985). "Reporting presence or absence of named objects by a language-trained dolphin". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 9 (4): 667–691. doi:10.1016/0149-7634(85)90013-2. PMID 4080284. Herman, L. M. Kuczaj; Holder, M. D.; Holder, Mark D. (1993). "Responses to anomalous gestural sequences by a language-trained dolphin: Evidence for processing of semantic relations and syntactic information". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 122 (2): 184–194. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.122.2.184. PMID 8315399. Hockett, C. (1960). "The origin of speech". Scientific American. 203 (3): 88–96. Bibcode:1960SciAm.203c..88H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0960-88. PMID 14402211. Holder, M. D., Herman, L. M. & Kuczaj, S. III (1993). A bottlenosed dolphin's responses to anomalous gestural sequences expressed within an artificial gestural language. In H. R. Roitblat, L. M. Herman & P.E. Nachtigall (Eds): Language and Communication: Comparative Perspectives, 299–308. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Hurford J.R., Studdert-Kennedy, M., & Knight, C. (Eds.) (1998) Approaches to the evolution of language: Social and cognitive bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Huxley, Julian & Ludwig Koch (photographs by Ylla) 1938. Animal language. Text by Julian Huxley, long-playing record of animal language by Ludwig Koch. London, Country Life. Reprinted and republished by Grosset & Dunlap, New York 1964. Record in the 1964 reissue is by Columbia Special Products, 33 1/3 rpm, small format, ZVT 88894. Side 1 contains Sounds at the Zoo (presumably Zoological Society of London) and African sounds; side 2 African sounds continued. Kako, E. (1999). "Elements of syntax in the systems of three language-trained animals". Animal Learning & Behavior. 27: 1–14. doi:10.3758/BF03199424 . Kanwal, J.S.; Matsumura, S.; Ohlemiller, K.; Suga, N. (1994). "Analysis of acoustic elements and syntax in communication sounds emitted by mustached bats". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 94 (3): 1229–1254. Bibcode:1994ASAJ...96.1229K. doi:10.1121/1.410273. PMID 7962992. Kellogg, W.N., & Kellogg, L.A. (1933). The ape and the child. New York: Whittlesey House (McGraw-Hill). Knight, C., Studdert-Kennedy, M., Hurford, J.R. (Eds.) (2000). The evolutionary emergence of language: Social function and the origins of linguistic form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kohts. N. (1935). Infant ape and human child. Museum Darwinianum, Moscow. Ladygina-Kohts, N.N, & de Waal, F.B.M. (2002). Infant Chimpanzee and Human Child: A Classic 1935 Comparative Study of Ape Emotions and Intelligence (Tr: B. Vekker). New York: Oxford University Press. Lenneberg, E.H. (1971). "Of language, knowledge, apes, and brains". Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 1 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1007/BF01066934. PMID 24197536. Miles, H.L. (1990) "The cognitive foundations for reference in a signing orangutan" in S.T. Parker and K.R. Gibson (eds.) "Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Comparative Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge Univ. Press. Pinker, S. (1984). Language Learnability and Language Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Reprinted in 1996 with additional commentary. Pinker, S.; Bloom, P. (1990). "Natural language and natural selection". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 13 (4): 707–784. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.116.4044 . doi:10.1017/S0140525X00081061. Plooij, F.X. (1978). "Some basic traits of language in wild chimpanzees?" in A. Lock (ed.) Action, Gesture and Symbol. New York: Academic Press. Premack, D. (1971). "Language in a chimpanzee?". Science. 172 (3985): 808–822. Bibcode:1971Sci...172..808P. doi:10.1126/science.172.3985.808. PMID 5572906. Roitblat, H.R., Herman, L.M. & Nachtigall, P.E. (Eds.)(1993). Language and Communication: Comparative Perspectives, 299–308. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Rumbaugh Duane M. (1980) Language behavior of apes. In Thomas A. Sebok and Jean-Umiker-Sebok(eds.): Speaking of Apes: A Critical Anthology of Two- Way Communication with Man. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 231–259. Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S.; McDonald, K.; Sevcik, R.A.; Hopkins, W.D.; Rupert, E (1986). "Spontaneous symbol acquisition and communicative use by pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus)". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 115 (3): 211–235. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.140.2493 . doi:10.1037/0096-3445.115.3.211. PMID 2428917. Sayigh, L.S., Tyack, P.L., Wells, R.S. & Scott, M.D. (1990). Signature whistles of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): stability and mother-offspring comparisons. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 247–260. Schusterman, R. J.; Gisiner, R. (1988). "Artificial language comprehension in dolphins and sea lions: The essential cognitive skills". The Psychological Record. 34: 3–23. doi:10.1007/BF03394849. Schusterman, R.J.; Gisiner, R. (1989). "Please parse the sentence: animal cognition in the Procrustean bed of linguistics". Psychological Record. 39: 3–18. doi:10.1007/BF03395051. Schusterman, R. J.; Kastak, D. (1993). "A California Sea-Lion (Zalaphos californianus) is capable of forming equivalence relations". The Psychological Record. 43 (4): 823–839. doi:10.1007/BF03395915. Schusterman, R. J.; Krieger, K. (1984). "California sea lions are capable of semantic comprehension". The Psychological Record. 38 (3): 311–348. doi:10.1007/BF03395027. Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Wilkie, R.; McKinnon, A. (2013). "George Herbert Mead on Humans and Other Animals: Social Relations after Human-Animal Studies". Sociological Research Online. 18 (4): 19. doi:10.5153/sro.3191. Wittmann, Henri (1991). "Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement" (PDF). Revue Québécoise de Linguistique Théorique et Appliquée. 10 (1): 215–88.

Pranala luar

Discussion: Starling Study: Recursion (Linguist List) International Bioacoustics Council research on animal language. The Animal Communication Project. More information on animal communication. Excellent compendium of links to the websites of all of the major animal language studies Listen to Nature Diarsipkan 2016-09-22 di Wayback Machine. includes article "The Language of Birds" Jarvis Lab homepage Evolution of Brain Structure for Vocal Learning de:Linguogenetik