• Source: Cartography of Jerusalem

The cartography of Jerusalem is the creation, editing, processing and printing of maps of Jerusalem from ancient times until the rise of modern surveying techniques. Most extant maps known to scholars from the pre-modern era were prepared by Christian mapmakers for a Christian European audience.
Maps of Jerusalem can be categorised between original factual maps, copied maps and imaginary maps, the latter being based on religious books. The maps were produced in a variety of materials, including parchment, vellum, mosaic, wall paintings and paper. All maps marking milestones in the cartography of Jerusalem are listed here following the cartographic histories of the city, from Titus Tobler and Reinhold Röhricht's studies in the 19th century to those of Hebrew University of Jerusalem academics Rehav Rubin and Milka Levy-Rubin in recent decades. The article lists maps that progressed the cartography of Jerusalem before the rise of modern surveying techniques, showing how mapmaking and surveying improved and helped outsiders to better understand the geography of the city. Imaginary maps of the ancient city and copies of existing maps are excluded.
The Madaba Map discovered in modern-day Jordan is the oldest known map of Jerusalem, in the form of a mosaic in a Greek Orthodox Church. At least 12 maps survive from the Catholic mapmakers of the Crusades; they were drawn on vellum and mostly show the city as a circle. Approximately 500 maps are known between the late-1400s and the mid-1800s; the significant increase in number is due to the advent of the printing press. The first printed map of the city was drawn by Erhard Reuwich and published in 1486 by Bernhard von Breydenbach in his Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam, based on his pilgrimage of 1483. Few of the mapmakers had travelled to Jerusalem – most of the maps were either copies of others' maps or were imaginary (i.e. based on reading of religious texts) in nature. The first map based on actual field measurements was published in 1818 by the Czech mapmaker Franz Wilhelm Sieber. The first map based on modern surveying techniques was published by Charles Wilson in 1864–65 for the British Ordnance Survey.




Notable maps of Jerusalem






= Early religious (6th–7th centuries)

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= Crusader maps (12th–14th centuries)

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The Crusader maps were first catalogued in the late 19th century by Reinhold Röhricht; he catalogued eight maps, which he labelled (1) Brüssel, (2) Copenhagen, (3) Florenz?, (4) Haag, (5) München (6) St. Omer, (7) Paris and (8) Stuttgart. Map (3) was later identified as the Uppsala map, and map (5) is the Arculf map (see section above). Today, at least 12 such maps are known.
A majority of the crusader maps are known as "round maps”, showing the city as a perfect circle, considered to symbolize the “ideal city”. These maps have unique features, but they are all related; it is likely that there was an original prototype from which these maps were derived. Four of the earlier round maps are associated with the Gesta Francorum; it has been suggested that illustrating this text may have been the purpose of the prototype round map. All the round maps are east-facing, like the T and O maps of the world to which they show a number of similarities, have five gates in non-symmetrical locations, and show the actual basic street plan of Jerusalem. The maps show two central roads in the shape of a cross, likely to represent the Roman cardo and decumanus, with an additional street leading to Yehoshafat's Gate and – in most but not all – a fourth street starting at St. Stephen's Gate.




= Notable 15th–18th century maps

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= Notable 19th century maps

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See also


Schick models of Jerusalem
Holyland Model of Jerusalem
Cartography of Palestine




References






Bibliography


Amico, Bernardino (1620). Trattato Delle Piante & Immagini de Sacri Edifizi Di Terra Santa: Disegnate in Ierusalemme Secondo Le Regole Della Prospettiua, & Uera Misura Della Lor Grandezza Dal R. P. F. Bernardino Amico; Stampate in Roma E Di Nuouo Ristampate Dallistesso Autore in Piu Piccola Forma, Aggiuntoni la Strada Dolorosa, & Altre Figure. P. Cecconcelli. pp. 8–. OCLC 166138102.
Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua [in Hebrew] (1974). "The Catherwood Map of Jerusalem". The Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress. 31 (3): 150–160. JSTOR 29781591.
Berger, Pamela (7 June 2012). The Crescent on the Temple: The Dome of the Rock as Image of the Ancient Jewish Sanctuary. BRILL. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-90-04-20300-6.
Edson, Evelyn (26 April 2012). "Jerusalem under Siege: Marino Sanudo's Map of the Water Supply, 1320". In Lucy Donkin and Hanna Vorholt (ed.). Imagining Jerusalem in the Medieval West. OUP/British Academy. doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197265048.003.0008. ISBN 978-0-19-726504-8.
Foliard, Daniel (13 April 2017). Dislocating the Orient: British Maps and the Making of the Middle East, 1854-1921. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45147-3.
Goren, Haim; Faehndrich, Jutta; Schelhaas, Bruno (28 February 2017). Mapping the Holy Land: The Foundation of a Scientific Cartography of Palestine. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85772-785-5.
Goren, Haim (25 April 2017). "The Historical Emergence of Replication". In Ayelet Shavit and Aaron M. Ellison (ed.). Stepping in the Same River Twice: Replication in Biological Research. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22803-8.
Harvey, Paul D. A. (1987). "Local and regional cartography in medieval Europe" (PDF). The History of Cartography; Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31633-8.
Jones, Yolande (1973). "British Military Surveys of Palestine and Syria 1840-1841" (PDF). The Cartographic Journal. 10 (1): 29–41. doi:10.1179/caj.1973.10.1.29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-26. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
Levy-Rubin, Milka (1995). "The Rediscovery of the Uppsala Map of Crusader Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 111 (2): 162–167. JSTOR 27931522.
Levy-Rubin, Milka; Rubin, Rehav (1996). "The Image of the Holy City: Maps and Mapping of Jerusalem". In Nitza Rosovsky (ed.). City of the Great King: Jerusalem from David to the Present. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-36708-1.
Moscrop, John James (1 January 2000). Measuring Jerusalem: The Palestine Exploration Fund and British Interests in the Holy Land. A&C Black. pp. 22–. ISBN 978-0-7185-0220-1.
Röhricht, Reinhold (1892). "Karten und Pläne zur Palästinakunde aus dem 7. bis 16. Jahrhundert". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 15: 34–39. JSTOR 27928617.
Rubin, Rehav (2013). "Greek-Orthodox maps of Jerusalem from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries" (PDF). E-Perimetron. 8 (3): 106–132. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-21. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
Rubin, Rehav (2008). "Sacred space and mythic time in the early printed maps of Jerusalem". In Tamar Mayer and Suleiman A. Mourad (ed.). Jerusalem: Idea and Reality. Routledge. pp. 47–66. ISBN 978-1-134-10287-7.
Rubin, Rehav (2007). "Stephan Illes and His 3d Model-Map of Jerusalem (1873)". The Cartographic Journal. 44: 71–79. doi:10.1179/000870407X173841. S2CID 128445503.
Rubin, Rehav (2006). "One city, different views: A comparative study of three pilgrimage maps of Jerusalem". Journal of Historical Geography. 32 (2): 267–290. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2005.05.001.
Siew, Tsafra (2008). "Representations of Jerusalem in Christian European maps from the 6th to the 16th centuries: a comparative tool for reading the message of a map in its cultural context". European Forum at the Hebrew University. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.541.4700.
Součková, Milada (1980). Baroque in Bohemia. Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Michigan. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-930042-31-8.
Tishby, Ariel (2001). Holy Land in Maps. Israel Museum. ISBN 978-0-8478-2412-0.
Tobler, Titus (1858). Planography of Jerusalem: memoir to accompany the new ground-plan of the city of Jerusalem and the environs, constructed anew by C.W.M. Vande Velde. Justus Perthes. OCLC 32438140.
Tsafrir, Yoram (1999). "The Holy City of Jerusalem in the Madaba map" (PDF). In Michele Piccirillo and Eugenio Alliata (ed.). The Madaba Map centenary, 1897-1997: travelling through the Byzantine Umayyad period. Studium Biblicum Franciscanum. pp. 155–163. OCLC 488504247.
Williams, George (1849). "Supplement: Memoir on the Plan of Jerusalem". The Holy City: Historical, Topographical, and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem. J.W. Parker. pp. 1–130.
Wilson, Charles William (1865). Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem, 1:2500, 1:10,000. H.M. Stationery Office. OCLC 223299173.




Further reading


Gilbert, Martin (2008). The Routledge Historical Atlas of Jerusalem. Routledge.
Laor, Eran (1986). Maps of the Holy Land: cartobibliography of printed maps, 1475-1900. A.R. Liss. ISBN 978-0-8451-1705-7.
Levy-Rubin, Milka (1991). "The Medieval Maps of Jerusalem". In יהושע פראוור and חגי בן-שמאי [in Hebrew] (ed.). ספר ירושלים: התקופה הצלבנית והאיובית (The History of Jerusalem: Crusaders and Ayyubids). הוצאת יד יצחק בן־צבי. Archived from the original on 2024-05-16. Retrieved 2019-12-28.
Moldovan, Alfred (1983), "The Lost De Angelis Map of Jerusalem, 1578", The Map Collector, 24, Map Collector Publications.: 17–25
Rubin, Rehav (1999). Image and Reality: Jerusalem in Maps and Views. Hebrew University Magnes Press. ISBN 978-965-493-012-3.
Shalev, Zur (14 October 2011), Sacred Words and Worlds: Geography, Religion, and Scholarship, 1550-1700, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-20935-0




External links


Google Arts & Culture, Maps of the Holy Land and Jerusalem Archived 2019-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
Maps of Jerusalem at the National Library of Israel: 1000–1800 1800–1900 1900–

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Kemutasarifan Yerusalem
• Cartography of Jerusalem
• Cartography of Palestine
• Cartography of Israel
• Cartography
• Cartography of the United States
• History of cartography
• Cartography of India
• Cartography of Europe
• Jerusalem during the Second Temple period
• List of works about the archaeology, cartography and numismatics of the Crusades