- Source: Change from below
Change from below is linguistic change that occurs from below the level of consciousness. It is language change that occurs from social, cognitive, or physiological pressures from within the system. This is in opposition to change from above, wherein language change is a result of elements imported from other systems.
Change from below first enters the language from below the level of consciousness; that is, speakers are generally unaware of the linguistic change. These linguistic changes enter language primarily through the vernacular and spread throughout the community without speakers' conscious awareness. Since change from below is initially non-salient, the changing features are not marked characteristics and are difficult for speakers or linguists to perceive. As the changes occur, they will ultimately become stable changes that are stigmatized.
Curvilinear principle
New linguistic changes that enter the language from below are most commonly used by the interior socioeconomic classes, as displayed by William Labov's curvilinear principle. Change from below is seen in Labov's Philadelphia study, where a series of new vowel changes was most often used by the interior classes. Age and gender similarly affect the way changes occur, where younger or female individuals are more likely to exhibit the change than older or male individuals in the community. However, gender, age, and social class act independently in transmission.
The roles of women and conformity
Change from below challenges societal norms; women (especially upper working class women, and those who are socially entrenched and involved in their community) lead this linguistic change. However, forms that have overt prestige are more prized by these groups, so when changes from below rise to the level of awareness, they are frequently stigmatized and rejected by the very people using them.
Change from below typically begins in informal speech. Often, those utilizing the changing forms are young speakers using the language as a form of resistance to authority. The changes made by individuals such as these, who are upwardly mobile and intentionally nonconformist, then diffuse into the speech of broader groups as described by Bill Labov’s Constructive Nonconformity Principle.
Three phases of change
= Transmission
=
The first phase of change from below is the acquisition of language by children. Typically, children learn the patterns of female caretakers.
= Incrementation
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The second phase of change from below is the advancement of informal changes by young individuals.
= Stabilization
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The third phase of change from below sees the individual’s speech shift towards more standard forms, and the change become socioeconomically diffused and stigmatized.
See also
Desubismo in Esperanto finvenkism
References
- Source: Change from Below
Change from Below, Democratic Union of Slovakia (sometimes translated as Change from the Bottom or Change from the Bottom Up; Slovak: Zmena zdola, Demokratická únia Slovenska, ZZ, DÚ), in the years 2000—2002 Liberal Democratic Union (abbreviation LDÚ), and 2002—2010 Democratic Union of Slovakia (abbreviation DÚ), is a non-parliamentary political party in Slovakia since 2000. Its chairman Ján Budaj is a member of the National Council of the Slovak Republic elected on the OĽaNO party's list of candidates.
Party leadership
Ján Budaj – chairman
Key members of the party
Juraj Smatana – teacher, popular blogger and civic activist. Member of the Regional Office of the Trenčín Region elected as the Považská Bystrica District.
History
The Democratic Union of Slovakia was founded by a group of members of the Democratic Union, dissatisfied with the merger of the Democratic Union into the Slovak Democratic and Christian Union. The group was led by Ján Budaj, who was elected chairman of the party on the founding republican committee on November 4, 2000. The party was registered with the Ministry of the Interior on September 7, 2000, under the original name of the Liberal Democratic Union. In 2002, the party was renamed to a name almost identical to the name of the defunct party "Democratic Union" (see Democratic Union of Slovakia (1994) / DEÚS and Democratic Union / DÚ).
Election results
2002 parliamentary election - the party ran for election in coalition with the Democratic Party. Just before the elections, however, the Democratic Party withdrew the candidate with a recommendation for its supporters to elect the Slovak Democratic and Christian Union, and thus the Democratic Union of Slovakia dropped out of the election competition without its own intervention.
2004 European Parliament election - the party achieved an electoral gain of 0.19% of the vote and did not get into the European Parliament.
2002 parliamentary election - party politicians took part in the elections for the candidate of the Free Forum, which did not get into parliament.
2012 parliamentary election - the party achieved an electoral gain of 1.29% and did not get into the National Counci.
2016 parliamentary election - the party as an independent subject did not run for parliamentary elections, but after an agreement with the Ordinary People and Independent Personalities movement.
Voting preferences
As the party has not run for the National Council of the Slovak Republic independently since 2012, the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic does not record its preferences.
= Chairman
=
since 2000 Ján Budaj
See also
Democratic Union of Slovakia
Democratic Union (Slovakia)
Notes
References
External links
Official site
Entry in the register of pages of the Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic
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