• Source: Container Security Initiative

The Container Security Initiative (CSI) a.k.a. the 24-Hour Rule was launched in 2002 by the U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP), an agency of the Department of Homeland Security. Its purpose was to increase security for container cargo shipped to the United States. As the CBP puts it, the intent is to "extend [the] zone of security outward so that American borders are the last line of defense, not the first."




Rationale


Containerized shipping is a critical component of international trade. According to the CBP:

About 90% of the world's trade is transported in cargo containers.
Almost half of incoming U.S. trade (by value) arrives by containers on board ships.
Nearly seven million cargo containers arrive on ships and are offloaded at U.S. seaports each year.
As terrorist organizations have increasingly turned to destroying economic infrastructure to make an impact on nations, the vulnerability of international shipping has come under scrutiny. Under the CSI program, the screening of containers that pose a risk for terrorism is accomplished by teams of CBP officials deployed to work in concert with their host nation counterparts.




CSI core elements



CSI consists of four core elements:

Using intelligence and automated information to identify and target containers that pose a risk for terrorism.
Pre-screening those containers that pose a risk at the port of departure before they arrive at U.S. ports.
Using detection technology to quickly pre-screen containers that pose a risk.
Using smarter, tamper-evident containers.
The initial CSI program has focused on implementation at the top 20 ports shipping approximately two-thirds of the container volume to the United States. Smaller ports, however, have been added to the program at their instigation, and participation is open to any port meeting certain volume, equipment, procedural, and information-sharing requirements. Future plans include expansion to additional ports based on volume, location, and strategic concerns.
Much of the original idea behind the CSI program stemmed from the work of James Giermanski, who was an early proponent of Supply Chain Security.




Global impact


The CSI program offers its participant countries the reciprocal opportunity to enhance their own incoming shipment security. CSI partners can send their customs officers to major U.S. ports to target ocean-going, containerized cargo to be exported from the U.S. to their countries. Likewise, CBP shares information on a bilateral basis with its CSI partners. Japan and Canada are currently taking advantage of this reciprocity.
CSI has also inspired and informed global measures to improve shipping security. In June 2002, the World Customs Organization unanimously passed a resolution that will enable ports in all 161 of the member nations to begin to develop programs along the CSI model. On 22 April 2004, the European Union and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security signed an agreement that calls for the prompt expansion of CSI throughout the European Community.




Participating ports






= U.S. ports

=
NOTE: Information is needed here on ports participating in reciprocal agreements.




= Foreign ports

=
47 foreign CSI ports are operational as of 2006-09-29. They include:

There are currently 58 foreign ports participating in the Container Security Initiative, accounting for 85 percent of container traffic bound for the United States, according to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
Currently Operational Ports
In the Americas

In Europe:

In Asia and the Middle East

In Africa:




See also






Notes






External links


European Commission: Taxation and Customs Union – Security cooperation with third countries
U.S. D.H.S.: Container Security Initiative
World Customs Organization
American Association of Port Authorities
This article incorporates text from the U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection's pages and documents on the Container Security Initiative, modified for a more global perspective.

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• OOCL
• COSCO Shipping
• Globalisasi
• Krisis diplomatik Qatar
• Daftar distribusi Linux
• Container Security Initiative
• Proliferation Security Initiative
• Port security
• United States Department of Homeland Security
• Cargo
• Secure Freight Initiative
• Honduras
• Containerization (computing)
• CSI
• Supply chain security