• Source: Delta modulation

Delta modulation (DM or Δ-modulation) is an analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog signal conversion technique used for transmission of voice information where quality is not of primary importance. DM is the simplest form of differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) where the difference between successive samples is encoded into n-bit data streams. In delta modulation, the transmitted data are reduced to a 1-bit data stream representing either up (↗) or down (↘). Its main features are:

The analog signal is approximated with a series of segments.
Each segment of the approximated signal is compared to the preceding bits and the successive bits are determined by this comparison.
Only the change of information is sent, that is, only an increase or decrease of the signal amplitude from the previous sample is sent whereas a no-change condition causes the modulated signal to remain at the same ↗ or ↘ state of the previous sample.
To achieve high signal-to-noise ratio, delta modulation must use oversampling techniques, that is, the analog signal is sampled at a rate several times higher than the Nyquist rate.
Derived forms of delta modulation are continuously variable slope delta modulation, delta-sigma modulation, and differential modulation. Differential pulse-code modulation is the superset of DM.




Principle


Rather than quantizing the value of the input analog waveform, delta modulation quantizes the difference between the current and the previous step, as shown in the block diagram in Fig. 1.

The modulator is made by a quantizer which converts the difference between the input signal and the integral of the previous steps. In its simplest form, the quantizer can be realized with a comparator referenced to 0 (two levels quantizer), whose output is 1 or -1 if the quantizer's input is positive or negative. The demodulator is simply an integrator (like the one in the feedback loop) whose output rises or falls with each 1 or -1 received. The integrator itself constitutes a low-pass filter.




Transfer characteristics


The two sources of noise in delta modulation are "slope overload", when step size is too small to track the original waveform, and "granularity", when step size is too large.
But a 1971 study shows that slope overload is less objectionable compared to granularity than one might expect based solely on SNR measures.




Output signal power


In delta modulation, there is no limit to the number of pulses of the same sign that may occur, so it is capable of tracking slow-changing signals of any amplitude without clipping. However, if the transmitted signal has excessive derivative (abrupt changes) then slope overload occurs and the modulated signal can not track the input signal. E.g. if the input signal is




m
(
t
)
=

A
cos
⁡
(
ω
t
)



{\displaystyle m(t)={A\cos(\omega t)}}

,
the modulated signal (derivative of the input signal) which is transmitted by the modulator is





|




m
˙



(
t
)


|


m
a
x


=
ω
A


{\displaystyle |{\dot {m}}(t)|_{max}=\omega A}

,
whereas the condition to avoid slope overload is





|




m
˙



(
t
)


|


m
a
x


=
ω
A
<
σ

f

s




{\displaystyle |{\dot {m}}(t)|_{max}=\omega A<\sigma f_{s}}

.
So the maximum amplitude of the input signal can be





A

m
a
x


=



σ

f

s



ω




{\displaystyle A_{max}={\sigma f_{s} \over \omega }}

,
where fs is the sampling frequency and ω is the frequency of the input signal and σ is step size in quantization. So Amax is the maximum amplitude that DM can transmit without causing the slope overload and the power of transmitted signal depends on the maximum amplitude.




Bit-rate


If the communication channel is of limited bandwidth, there is the possibility of interference in either DM or PCM. Hence, 'DM' and 'PCM' operate at same bit-rate which is equal to N times the sampling frequency.




History


The seminal paper combining feedback with oversampling to achieve delta modulation was by F. de Jager of Philips Research Laboratories in 1952. Initial patents include:

"Communication system utilizing constant amplitude pulses of opposite polarities" by Maurice Deloraine et. al. (French patent issued 1946, US patent filed 1947).
"Differential quantization of communication signals" by C. Chapin Cutler (filed 1950), which describes differential PCM and delta modulation (1-bit DPCM).




Adaptive delta modulation


Adaptive delta modulation (ADM) was first published by Dr. John E. Abate (Bell Labs Fellow) in his doctoral thesis at NJ Institute Of Technology in 1968. ADM was later selected as the standard for all NASA communications between mission control and space-craft.
In the mid-1980s, Massachusetts audio company DBX marketed a commercially unsuccessful digital recording system based on adaptive delta modulation. See DBX 700.
Adaptive delta modulation or Continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD) is a modification of DM in which the step size is not fixed. Rather, when several consecutive bits have the same direction value, the encoder and decoder assume that slope overload is occurring, and the step size becomes progressively larger.
Otherwise, the step size becomes gradually smaller over time. ADM reduces slope error, at the expense of increasing quantization error. This error can be reduced by using a low-pass filter. ADM provides robust performance in the presence of bit errors meaning error detection and correction are not typically used in an ADM radio design, it is this very useful technique that allows for adaptive-delta-modulation.




Applications


Contemporary applications of delta modulation includes, but is not limited to, recreating legacy synthesizer waveforms. With the increasing availability of FPGAs and game-related ASICs, sample rates are easily controlled so as to avoid slope overload and granularity issues. For example, the C64DTV used a 32 MHz sample rate, providing ample dynamic range to recreate the SID output to acceptable levels.




SBS Application 24 kbps delta modulation


Delta modulation was used by Satellite Business Systems (SBS) for its voice ports to provide long distance phone service to large domestic corporations with a significant inter-corporation communications need (such as IBM). This system was in service throughout the 1980s. The voice ports used digitally implemented 24 kbit/s delta modulation with Voice Activity Compression (VAC) and echo suppressors to control the half second echo path through the satellite. They performed formal listening tests to verify the 24 kbit/s delta modulator achieved full voice quality with no discernible degradation as compared to a high quality phone line or the standard 64 kbit/s μ-law companded PCM. This provided an eight to three improvement in satellite channel capacity. IBM developed the Satellite Communications Controller and the voice port functions.
The original proposal in 1974, used a state-of-the-art 24 kbit/s delta modulator with a single integrator and a Shindler Compander modified for gain error recovery. This proved to have less than full phone line speech quality. In 1977, one engineer with two assistants in the IBM Research Triangle Park, NC laboratory was assigned to improve the quality.
The final implementation replaced the integrator with a Predictor implemented with a two pole complex pair low-pass filter designed to approximate the long term average speech spectrum. The theory was that ideally the integrator should be a predictor designed to match the signal spectrum. A nearly perfect Shindler Compander replaced the modified version. It was found the modified compander resulted in a less than perfect step size at most signal levels and the fast gain error recovery increased the noise as determined by actual listening tests as compared to simple signal to noise measurements. The final compander achieved a very mild gain error recovery due to the natural truncation rounding error caused by twelve bit arithmetic.
The complete function of delta modulation, VAC and Echo Control for six ports was implemented in a single digital integrated circuit chip with twelve bit arithmetic. A single digital-to-analog converter (DAC) was shared by all six ports providing voltage compare functions for the modulators and feeding sample and hold circuits for the demodulator outputs. A single card held the chip, DAC and all the analog circuits for the phone line interface including transformers.




See also


Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation
Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
Codec
Pulse-code modulation
Pulse-density modulation
Delta-sigma modulation
Direct Stream Digital




Sources


Steele, R. (1975). Delta Modulation Systems. London: Pentech Press. ISBN 0-470-82104-3.
This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. (in support of MIL-STD-188).




External links


Delta Modulator

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Modulasi frekuensi
• Modulasi kode pulsa
• Penguat kelas-D
• Pembiasan
• Bakteri
• Sistem imun
• Pregabalin
• Zebra
• Miksobakteri
• Sitokrom c
• Delta modulation
• Delta-sigma modulation
• Pulse-width modulation
• Continuously variable slope delta modulation
• Modulation
• Pulse-density modulation
• Frequency modulation
• Phase modulation
• Silence compression
• Differential pulse-code modulation