• Source: Exploration of dwarf planets

      • The exploration of dwarf planets involves studying these celestial bodies within the Solar System. Since Pluto's reclassification as a dwarf planet in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), space exploration has increasingly focused on these celestial bodies.
      In 2015 significant milestones in dwarf planet exploration were reached with the flybys of Pluto and Ceres by the New Horizons and Dawn spacecraft.


      Technical requirements


      Exploring dwarf planets demands significant fuel resources, which vary depending on the targeted celestial bodies. However, various methods have been developed to conserve fuel in probes traveling long distances.

      Missions to dwarf planets in the outer Solar System necessitate careful planning and execution, with spacecraft hibernation employed specifically to conserve energy for the prolonged interplanetary journeys. This allows the spacecraft to endure the extended travel time while maintaining essential functions for navigation and communication.
      Successful missions to distant dwarf planets also require substantial fuel reserves on board. These reserves are crucial for trajectory adjustments, course corrections, and orbital insertions upon arrival at the target dwarf planet. The spacecraft's propulsion systems must deliver the necessary thrust over long distances to counter the gravitational influences of celestial bodies encountered during the journey.
      Gravity assists are critical for optimizing spacecraft trajectories and accelerating them toward their target dwarf planets. During a gravity assist, the spacecraft uses the gravitational pull of celestial bodies, such as planets or moons, to gain momentum and alter its trajectory without expending extra fuel. Careful planning of these maneuvers can significantly reduce travel time and fuel requirements for reaching distant dwarf planets.
      Furthermore, high-gain antennas are pivotal in space exploration, especially in missions to distant celestial bodies like dwarf planets. They ensure dependable communication between spacecraft and Earth across vast interplanetary expanses. Unlike conventional antennas, high-gain antennas concentrate their radiation pattern into a narrow beam, enhancing signal strength and data transmission rates. This feature is vital for maintaining uninterrupted contact with spacecraft operating in the remote reaches of the Solar System, where radio signals undergo significant attenuation. By leveraging high-gain antennas, mission controllers can receive crucial scientific data and telemetry from spacecraft exploring dwarf planets, enabling real-time monitoring and operational control. Furthermore, these antennas facilitate the exchange of commands and instructions, empowering spacecraft to execute intricate maneuvers and scientific observations autonomously.


      Flyby missions




      = 2010s

      =


      Dawn program (2015)



      In September 2007, the Dawn spacecraft embarked on a mission from Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17 on a mission to explore two of the three largest bodies in the asteroid belt, 4 Vesta and 1 Ceres. After nearly four years, Dawn entered orbit around Vesta on July 16, 2011. Subsequently, on September 5, 2012, it concluded its Vesta mission and commenced its journey to Ceres.
      On December 1, 2014, Dawn captured images revealing an extended disc around Ceres. Subsequently, in January 2015, it compiled a series of images of Ceres into a stop-motion animation, depicting its rotation, albeit in low resolution. Following January 26, 2015, Dawn obtained higher-quality images than those captured by ground telescopes and the Hubble Space Telescope. Finally, it entered orbit around Ceres on March 6, 2015.
      On October 31, 2018, Dawn exhausted its fuel reserves and lost communication with Earth. Consequently, the spacecraft will remain in orbit around Ceres until at least 2038.


      New Horizons program (2015)



      In 2006, the New Horizons probe embarked on its mission to explore the Plutonian system.
      In 2007, New Horizons performed a gravity assist maneuver using Jupiter. This slingshot increased the probe's velocity by 4 km/s (14,000 km/h; 9,000 mph), cutting its travel time to Pluto by three years.
      On February 4, 2015, New Horizons entered the Pluto system, capturing images of Pluto and its moon Charon from about 203,000,000 km (126,000,000 mi) away. From April to June 2015, New Horizons delivered higher-quality images than those from ground telescopes and the Hubble Space Telescope.
      On July 14, 2015, the New Horizons probe took close-up photos of Pluto from 18,000 kilometers away. The data collected was transmitted back to Earth and received on September 13, 2015.


      = 2040s

      =


      IHP-1 (2040)



      IHP-1 is a proposed spacecraft in the Shensuo program, designed to fly by Jupiter, the dwarf planet 50000 Quaoar, and its moon Weywot, before heading into interstellar space.
      IHP-1 is set to launch with IHP-2 and the proposed IHP-3. Scheduled for a May 2024 launch, IHP-1 will use gravity assists from Earth in October 2025 and December 2027. It will then fly by Jupiter in March 2029, heading towards the heliosphere's nose. On its way to interstellar space, it will encounter 50000 Quaoar and its moon Weywot in 2040.


      Proposed probes




      Human exploration



      The concept of human exploration of dwarf planets has intrigued scientists since Pluto's discovery in 1930. Despite the vast distances and significant challenges, advancements in space technology could make such endeavors possible. Colonizing dwarf planets offers potential economic benefits due to the presence of rare and valuable ores.
      Mining operations on dwarf planets present significant economic opportunities. These bodies may harbor rare elements and minerals, including hydrocarbons and precious metals like platinum.


      References

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