• Source: Harun ibn Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Hashimi

Abu Musa Harun ibn" target="_blank">ibn Muhammad ibn" target="_blank">ibn Ishaq ibn" target="_blank">ibn Musa ibn" target="_blank">ibn Isa al-Hashimi (Arabic: أبو موسى هارون بن محمد بن إسحاق بن موسى بن عيسى الهاشمي; died 901) was a ninth century Abbasid personage and government official. He served as the governor of Mecca, Medina and al-Ta'if, and was a long-running leader of the annual Muslim pilgrimage.




Career


A minor member of the Abbasid dynasty, Harun was descended from 'Isa ibn" target="_blank">ibn Musa, the nephew of the first two Abbasid caliphs al-Saffah and al-Mansur. In 878, during the reign of his fifth cousin al-Mu'tamid (r. 870–892), Harun was appointed as the leader of the hajj or annual pilgrimage to Mecca; over the next decade and a half he continuously held that position, leading all of the pilgrimages until 892 or 893. At an unspecified date he was also appointed as governor of Mecca, and was additionally given jurisdiction over the cities of Medina and al-Ta'if.
During his governorship Harun was repeatedly confronted by threats to Mecca's security and was forced to deal with recurring periods of political and economic instability. In 881/2 the city was targeted by the brigand Abu al-Mughirah al-Makhzumi, who marched against it with his forces; while Harun was successful in raising an army and stopping the advance, he was unable to prevent Abu al-Mughirah from subsequently devastating 'Ayn Mushas and Jeddah, in the process depriving Mecca of much of its drinking water and causing bread prices to soar. Harun was also faced with the political ambitions of the powerful governors Ahmad ibn" target="_blank">ibn Tulun of Egypt and 'Amr ibn" target="_blank">ibn al-Layth of Sijistan, who both sought to increase their prestige by gaining guardianship over the Holy City. In 881 and again in 883 ibn" target="_blank">Ibn Tulun and ibn" target="_blank">Ibn al-Layth each sent armed forces to assert their claims in Mecca, resulting in the outbreak of disturbances within the city; on both occasions Harun intervened with his troops to maintain order, and he played an important role in driving out the Egyptians during the Battle of Mecca in 883.
In 884/5 a disaster occurred in Mecca when a house formerly belonging to Zubaydah bint Ja'far collapsed, causing damage to the adjacent Great Mosque of Mecca and killing ten pilgrims in the process. In the aftermath of the accident, Harun and the qadi Yusuf ibn" target="_blank">ibn Ya'qub submitted a report to Baghdad, whereupon the caliphal regent al-Muwaffaq immediately ordered the damage to be repaired and sent funds to pay for the project. After the restoration work was completed in the following year two memorial plaques dedicated to al-Muwaffaq were hung in the mosque, one of which bearing Harun's name and the other that of the qadi and the project architect.
Harun remained as governor of Mecca until 891/2, when he was driven from the city during a period of disorder (fitnah). Following his flight he resettled in Egypt, where he died in August or September 901.




Notes






References


Bloom, Jonathan M. (1989). Minaret: Symbol of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-728013-3.
Bosworth, C.E. (1994). The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz (247/861 to 949/1542-3). Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56859-015-8.
ibn" target="_blank">Ibn Hazm, Abu Muhammad ibn" target="_blank">ibn 'Ali ibn" target="_blank">ibn Ahmad ibn" target="_blank">ibn Sa'id al-Andalusi (1982). Harun, 'Abd al-Salam Muhammad (ed.). Jamharat Ansab al-'Arab (in Arabic) (5th ed.). Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif.
ibn" target="_blank">Ibn Kathir, Abu al-Fida' Isma'il (2010). Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, Vol. 11 (in Arabic) (2nd ed.). Damascus and Beirut: Dar ibn" target="_blank">ibn Kathir. ISBN 978-9953-520-84-1. OCLC 757322748.
Al-Mas'udi, Ali ibn" target="_blank">ibn al-Husain (1877). Les Prairies D'Or, Tome Neuvième (in French). Ed. and Trans. Charles Barbier de Meynard and Abel Pavet de Courteille. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
Pedersen, J. (1991). "Masdjid". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 644–707. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0694. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.
Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand (1861). Die Chroniken der Stadt Mekka, Vierter Band: Geschichte der Stadt Mekka (in German). Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus.
Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. (1985–2007). The History of al-Ṭabarī (40 vols). SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7249-1.

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Muhammad
• Ali bin Abi Thalib
• Sind (provinsi khalifah)
• Harun ibn Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Hashimi
• Harun al-Rashid
• Al-Hashimi (surname)
• Al-Shafi'i
• Al-Mutawakkil
• Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi
• Amir al-hajj
• Muhammad ibn Sulayman ibn Ali
• Musa ibn Isa ibn Musa al-Hashimi
• Sulayman ibn Ali al-Hashimi