- Source: Hermite polynomials
In mathematics, the Hermite polynomials are a classical orthogonal polynomial sequence.
The polynomials arise in:
signal processing as Hermitian wavelets for wavelet transform analysis
probability, such as the Edgeworth series, as well as in connection with Brownian motion;
combinatorics, as an example of an Appell sequence, obeying the umbral calculus;
numerical analysis as Gaussian quadrature;
physics, where they give rise to the eigenstates of the quantum harmonic oscillator; and they also occur in some cases of the heat equation (when the term
x
u
x
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}xu_{x}\end{aligned}}}
is present);
systems theory in connection with nonlinear operations on Gaussian noise.
random matrix theory in Gaussian ensembles.
Hermite polynomials were defined by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1810, though in scarcely recognizable form, and studied in detail by Pafnuty Chebyshev in 1859. Chebyshev's work was overlooked, and they were named later after Charles Hermite, who wrote on the polynomials in 1864, describing them as new. They were consequently not new, although Hermite was the first to define the multidimensional polynomials.
Definition
Like the other classical orthogonal polynomials, the Hermite polynomials can be defined from several different starting points. Noting from the outset that there are two different standardizations in common use, one convenient method is as follows:
The "probabilist's Hermite polynomials" are given by
He
n
(
x
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
e
x
2
2
d
n
d
x
n
e
−
x
2
2
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n}(x)=(-1)^{n}e^{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}{\frac {d^{n}}{dx^{n}}}e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}},}
while the "physicist's Hermite polynomials" are given by
H
n
(
x
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
e
x
2
d
n
d
x
n
e
−
x
2
.
{\displaystyle H_{n}(x)=(-1)^{n}e^{x^{2}}{\frac {d^{n}}{dx^{n}}}e^{-x^{2}}.}
These equations have the form of a Rodrigues' formula and can also be written as,
He
n
(
x
)
=
(
x
−
d
d
x
)
n
⋅
1
,
H
n
(
x
)
=
(
2
x
−
d
d
x
)
n
⋅
1.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n}(x)=\left(x-{\frac {d}{dx}}\right)^{n}\cdot 1,\quad H_{n}(x)=\left(2x-{\frac {d}{dx}}\right)^{n}\cdot 1.}
The two definitions are not exactly identical; each is a rescaling of the other:
H
n
(
x
)
=
2
n
2
He
n
(
2
x
)
,
He
n
(
x
)
=
2
−
n
2
H
n
(
x
2
)
.
{\displaystyle H_{n}(x)=2^{\frac {n}{2}}\operatorname {He} _{n}\left({\sqrt {2}}\,x\right),\quad \operatorname {He} _{n}(x)=2^{-{\frac {n}{2}}}H_{n}\left({\frac {x}{\sqrt {2}}}\right).}
These are Hermite polynomial sequences of different variances; see the material on variances below.
The notation He and H is that used in the standard references.
The polynomials Hen are sometimes denoted by Hn, especially in probability theory, because
1
2
π
e
−
x
2
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}}}
is the probability density function for the normal distribution with expected value 0 and standard deviation 1.
The first eleven probabilist's Hermite polynomials are:
He
0
(
x
)
=
1
,
He
1
(
x
)
=
x
,
He
2
(
x
)
=
x
2
−
1
,
He
3
(
x
)
=
x
3
−
3
x
,
He
4
(
x
)
=
x
4
−
6
x
2
+
3
,
He
5
(
x
)
=
x
5
−
10
x
3
+
15
x
,
He
6
(
x
)
=
x
6
−
15
x
4
+
45
x
2
−
15
,
He
7
(
x
)
=
x
7
−
21
x
5
+
105
x
3
−
105
x
,
He
8
(
x
)
=
x
8
−
28
x
6
+
210
x
4
−
420
x
2
+
105
,
He
9
(
x
)
=
x
9
−
36
x
7
+
378
x
5
−
1260
x
3
+
945
x
,
He
10
(
x
)
=
x
10
−
45
x
8
+
630
x
6
−
3150
x
4
+
4725
x
2
−
945.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {He} _{0}(x)&=1,\\\operatorname {He} _{1}(x)&=x,\\\operatorname {He} _{2}(x)&=x^{2}-1,\\\operatorname {He} _{3}(x)&=x^{3}-3x,\\\operatorname {He} _{4}(x)&=x^{4}-6x^{2}+3,\\\operatorname {He} _{5}(x)&=x^{5}-10x^{3}+15x,\\\operatorname {He} _{6}(x)&=x^{6}-15x^{4}+45x^{2}-15,\\\operatorname {He} _{7}(x)&=x^{7}-21x^{5}+105x^{3}-105x,\\\operatorname {He} _{8}(x)&=x^{8}-28x^{6}+210x^{4}-420x^{2}+105,\\\operatorname {He} _{9}(x)&=x^{9}-36x^{7}+378x^{5}-1260x^{3}+945x,\\\operatorname {He} _{10}(x)&=x^{10}-45x^{8}+630x^{6}-3150x^{4}+4725x^{2}-945.\end{aligned}}}
The first eleven physicist's Hermite polynomials are:
H
0
(
x
)
=
1
,
H
1
(
x
)
=
2
x
,
H
2
(
x
)
=
4
x
2
−
2
,
H
3
(
x
)
=
8
x
3
−
12
x
,
H
4
(
x
)
=
16
x
4
−
48
x
2
+
12
,
H
5
(
x
)
=
32
x
5
−
160
x
3
+
120
x
,
H
6
(
x
)
=
64
x
6
−
480
x
4
+
720
x
2
−
120
,
H
7
(
x
)
=
128
x
7
−
1344
x
5
+
3360
x
3
−
1680
x
,
H
8
(
x
)
=
256
x
8
−
3584
x
6
+
13440
x
4
−
13440
x
2
+
1680
,
H
9
(
x
)
=
512
x
9
−
9216
x
7
+
48384
x
5
−
80640
x
3
+
30240
x
,
H
10
(
x
)
=
1024
x
10
−
23040
x
8
+
161280
x
6
−
403200
x
4
+
302400
x
2
−
30240.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}H_{0}(x)&=1,\\H_{1}(x)&=2x,\\H_{2}(x)&=4x^{2}-2,\\H_{3}(x)&=8x^{3}-12x,\\H_{4}(x)&=16x^{4}-48x^{2}+12,\\H_{5}(x)&=32x^{5}-160x^{3}+120x,\\H_{6}(x)&=64x^{6}-480x^{4}+720x^{2}-120,\\H_{7}(x)&=128x^{7}-1344x^{5}+3360x^{3}-1680x,\\H_{8}(x)&=256x^{8}-3584x^{6}+13440x^{4}-13440x^{2}+1680,\\H_{9}(x)&=512x^{9}-9216x^{7}+48384x^{5}-80640x^{3}+30240x,\\H_{10}(x)&=1024x^{10}-23040x^{8}+161280x^{6}-403200x^{4}+302400x^{2}-30240.\end{aligned}}}
Properties
The nth-order Hermite polynomial is a polynomial of degree n. The probabilist's version Hen has leading coefficient 1, while the physicist's version Hn has leading coefficient 2n.
= Symmetry
=From the Rodrigues formulae given above, we can see that Hn(x) and Hen(x) are even or odd functions depending on n:
H
n
(
−
x
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
H
n
(
x
)
,
He
n
(
−
x
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
He
n
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle H_{n}(-x)=(-1)^{n}H_{n}(x),\quad \operatorname {He} _{n}(-x)=(-1)^{n}\operatorname {He} _{n}(x).}
= Orthogonality
=Hn(x) and Hen(x) are nth-degree polynomials for n = 0, 1, 2, 3,.... These polynomials are orthogonal with respect to the weight function (measure)
w
(
x
)
=
e
−
x
2
2
(
for
He
)
{\displaystyle w(x)=e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}}\quad ({\text{for }}\operatorname {He} )}
or
w
(
x
)
=
e
−
x
2
(
for
H
)
,
{\displaystyle w(x)=e^{-x^{2}}\quad ({\text{for }}H),}
i.e., we have
∫
−
∞
∞
H
m
(
x
)
H
n
(
x
)
w
(
x
)
d
x
=
0
for all
m
≠
n
.
{\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }H_{m}(x)H_{n}(x)\,w(x)\,dx=0\quad {\text{for all }}m\neq n.}
Furthermore,
∫
−
∞
∞
H
m
(
x
)
H
n
(
x
)
e
−
x
2
d
x
=
π
2
n
n
!
δ
n
m
,
{\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }H_{m}(x)H_{n}(x)\,e^{-x^{2}}\,dx={\sqrt {\pi }}\,2^{n}n!\,\delta _{nm},}
and
∫
−
∞
∞
He
m
(
x
)
He
n
(
x
)
e
−
x
2
2
d
x
=
2
π
n
!
δ
n
m
,
{\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\operatorname {He} _{m}(x)\operatorname {He} _{n}(x)\,e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}}\,dx={\sqrt {2\pi }}\,n!\,\delta _{nm},}
where
δ
n
m
{\displaystyle \delta _{nm}}
is the Kronecker delta.
The probabilist polynomials are thus orthogonal with respect to the standard normal probability density function.
= Completeness
=The Hermite polynomials (probabilist's or physicist's) form an orthogonal basis of the Hilbert space of functions satisfying
∫
−
∞
∞
|
f
(
x
)
|
2
w
(
x
)
d
x
<
∞
,
{\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\bigl |}f(x){\bigr |}^{2}\,w(x)\,dx<\infty ,}
in which the inner product is given by the integral
⟨
f
,
g
⟩
=
∫
−
∞
∞
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
¯
w
(
x
)
d
x
{\displaystyle \langle f,g\rangle =\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x){\overline {g(x)}}\,w(x)\,dx}
including the Gaussian weight function w(x) defined in the preceding section
An orthogonal basis for L2(R, w(x) dx) is a complete orthogonal system. For an orthogonal system, completeness is equivalent to the fact that the 0 function is the only function f ∈ L2(R, w(x) dx) orthogonal to all functions in the system.
Since the linear span of Hermite polynomials is the space of all polynomials, one has to show (in physicist case) that if f satisfies
∫
−
∞
∞
f
(
x
)
x
n
e
−
x
2
d
x
=
0
{\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x)x^{n}e^{-x^{2}}\,dx=0}
for every n ≥ 0, then f = 0.
One possible way to do this is to appreciate that the entire function
F
(
z
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
f
(
x
)
e
z
x
−
x
2
d
x
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
z
n
n
!
∫
f
(
x
)
x
n
e
−
x
2
d
x
=
0
{\displaystyle F(z)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x)e^{zx-x^{2}}\,dx=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {z^{n}}{n!}}\int f(x)x^{n}e^{-x^{2}}\,dx=0}
vanishes identically. The fact then that F(it) = 0 for every real t means that the Fourier transform of f(x)e−x2 is 0, hence f is 0 almost everywhere. Variants of the above completeness proof apply to other weights with exponential decay.
In the Hermite case, it is also possible to prove an explicit identity that implies completeness (see section on the Completeness relation below).
An equivalent formulation of the fact that Hermite polynomials are an orthogonal basis for L2(R, w(x) dx) consists in introducing Hermite functions (see below), and in saying that the Hermite functions are an orthonormal basis for L2(R).
= Hermite's differential equation
=The probabilist's Hermite polynomials are solutions of the differential equation
(
e
−
1
2
x
2
u
′
)
′
+
λ
e
−
1
2
x
2
u
=
0
,
{\displaystyle \left(e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}}u'\right)'+\lambda e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}}u=0,}
where λ is a constant. Imposing the boundary condition that u should be polynomially bounded at infinity, the equation has solutions only if λ is a non-negative integer, and the solution is uniquely given by
u
(
x
)
=
C
1
He
λ
(
x
)
{\displaystyle u(x)=C_{1}\operatorname {He} _{\lambda }(x)}
, where
C
1
{\displaystyle C_{1}}
denotes a constant.
Rewriting the differential equation as an eigenvalue problem
L
[
u
]
=
u
″
−
x
u
′
=
−
λ
u
,
{\displaystyle L[u]=u''-xu'=-\lambda u,}
the Hermite polynomials
He
λ
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{\lambda }(x)}
may be understood as eigenfunctions of the differential operator
L
[
u
]
{\displaystyle L[u]}
. This eigenvalue problem is called the Hermite equation, although the term is also used for the closely related equation
u
″
−
2
x
u
′
=
−
2
λ
u
.
{\displaystyle u''-2xu'=-2\lambda u.}
whose solution is uniquely given in terms of physicist's Hermite polynomials in the form
u
(
x
)
=
C
1
H
λ
(
x
)
{\displaystyle u(x)=C_{1}H_{\lambda }(x)}
, where
C
1
{\displaystyle C_{1}}
denotes a constant, after imposing the boundary condition that u should be polynomially bounded at infinity.
The general solutions to the above second-order differential equations are in fact linear combinations of both Hermite polynomials and confluent hypergeometric functions of the first kind. For example, for the physicist's Hermite equation
u
″
−
2
x
u
′
+
2
λ
u
=
0
,
{\displaystyle u''-2xu'+2\lambda u=0,}
the general solution takes the form
u
(
x
)
=
C
1
H
λ
(
x
)
+
C
2
h
λ
(
x
)
,
{\displaystyle u(x)=C_{1}H_{\lambda }(x)+C_{2}h_{\lambda }(x),}
where
C
1
{\displaystyle C_{1}}
and
C
2
{\displaystyle C_{2}}
are constants,
H
λ
(
x
)
{\displaystyle H_{\lambda }(x)}
are physicist's Hermite polynomials (of the first kind), and
h
λ
(
x
)
{\displaystyle h_{\lambda }(x)}
are physicist's Hermite functions (of the second kind). The latter functions are compactly represented as
h
λ
(
x
)
=
1
F
1
(
−
λ
2
;
1
2
;
x
2
)
{\displaystyle h_{\lambda }(x)={}_{1}F_{1}(-{\tfrac {\lambda }{2}};{\tfrac {1}{2}};x^{2})}
where
1
F
1
(
a
;
b
;
z
)
{\displaystyle {}_{1}F_{1}(a;b;z)}
are Confluent hypergeometric functions of the first kind. The conventional Hermite polynomials may also be expressed in terms of confluent hypergeometric functions, see below.
With more general boundary conditions, the Hermite polynomials can be generalized to obtain more general analytic functions for complex-valued λ. An explicit formula of Hermite polynomials in terms of contour integrals (Courant & Hilbert 1989) is also possible.
= Recurrence relation
=The sequence of probabilist's Hermite polynomials also satisfies the recurrence relation
He
n
+
1
(
x
)
=
x
He
n
(
x
)
−
He
n
′
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n+1}(x)=x\operatorname {He} _{n}(x)-\operatorname {He} _{n}'(x).}
Individual coefficients are related by the following recursion formula:
a
n
+
1
,
k
=
{
−
(
k
+
1
)
a
n
,
k
+
1
k
=
0
,
a
n
,
k
−
1
−
(
k
+
1
)
a
n
,
k
+
1
k
>
0
,
{\displaystyle a_{n+1,k}={\begin{cases}-(k+1)a_{n,k+1}&k=0,\\a_{n,k-1}-(k+1)a_{n,k+1}&k>0,\end{cases}}}
and a0,0 = 1, a1,0 = 0, a1,1 = 1.
For the physicist's polynomials, assuming
H
n
(
x
)
=
∑
k
=
0
n
a
n
,
k
x
k
,
{\displaystyle H_{n}(x)=\sum _{k=0}^{n}a_{n,k}x^{k},}
we have
H
n
+
1
(
x
)
=
2
x
H
n
(
x
)
−
H
n
′
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle H_{n+1}(x)=2xH_{n}(x)-H_{n}'(x).}
Individual coefficients are related by the following recursion formula:
a
n
+
1
,
k
=
{
−
a
n
,
k
+
1
k
=
0
,
2
a
n
,
k
−
1
−
(
k
+
1
)
a
n
,
k
+
1
k
>
0
,
{\displaystyle a_{n+1,k}={\begin{cases}-a_{n,k+1}&k=0,\\2a_{n,k-1}-(k+1)a_{n,k+1}&k>0,\end{cases}}}
and a0,0 = 1, a1,0 = 0, a1,1 = 2.
The Hermite polynomials constitute an Appell sequence, i.e., they are a polynomial sequence satisfying the identity
He
n
′
(
x
)
=
n
He
n
−
1
(
x
)
,
H
n
′
(
x
)
=
2
n
H
n
−
1
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {He} _{n}'(x)&=n\operatorname {He} _{n-1}(x),\\H_{n}'(x)&=2nH_{n-1}(x).\end{aligned}}}
An integral recurrence that is deduced and demonstrated in is as follows:
He
n
+
1
(
x
)
=
(
n
+
1
)
∫
0
x
He
n
(
t
)
d
t
−
H
e
n
′
(
0
)
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n+1}(x)=(n+1)\int _{0}^{x}\operatorname {He} _{n}(t)dt-He'_{n}(0),}
H
n
+
1
(
x
)
=
2
(
n
+
1
)
∫
0
x
H
n
(
t
)
d
t
−
H
n
′
(
0
)
.
{\displaystyle H_{n+1}(x)=2(n+1)\int _{0}^{x}H_{n}(t)dt-H'_{n}(0).}
Equivalently, by Taylor-expanding,
He
n
(
x
+
y
)
=
∑
k
=
0
n
(
n
k
)
x
n
−
k
He
k
(
y
)
=
2
−
n
2
∑
k
=
0
n
(
n
k
)
He
n
−
k
(
x
2
)
He
k
(
y
2
)
,
H
n
(
x
+
y
)
=
∑
k
=
0
n
(
n
k
)
H
k
(
x
)
(
2
y
)
n
−
k
=
2
−
n
2
⋅
∑
k
=
0
n
(
n
k
)
H
n
−
k
(
x
2
)
H
k
(
y
2
)
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {He} _{n}(x+y)&=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}x^{n-k}\operatorname {He} _{k}(y)&&=2^{-{\frac {n}{2}}}\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}\operatorname {He} _{n-k}\left(x{\sqrt {2}}\right)\operatorname {He} _{k}\left(y{\sqrt {2}}\right),\\H_{n}(x+y)&=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}H_{k}(x)(2y)^{n-k}&&=2^{-{\frac {n}{2}}}\cdot \sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}H_{n-k}\left(x{\sqrt {2}}\right)H_{k}\left(y{\sqrt {2}}\right).\end{aligned}}}
These umbral identities are self-evident and included in the differential operator representation detailed below,
He
n
(
x
)
=
e
−
D
2
2
x
n
,
H
n
(
x
)
=
2
n
e
−
D
2
4
x
n
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {He} _{n}(x)&=e^{-{\frac {D^{2}}{2}}}x^{n},\\H_{n}(x)&=2^{n}e^{-{\frac {D^{2}}{4}}}x^{n}.\end{aligned}}}
In consequence, for the mth derivatives the following relations hold:
He
n
(
m
)
(
x
)
=
n
!
(
n
−
m
)
!
He
n
−
m
(
x
)
=
m
!
(
n
m
)
He
n
−
m
(
x
)
,
H
n
(
m
)
(
x
)
=
2
m
n
!
(
n
−
m
)
!
H
n
−
m
(
x
)
=
2
m
m
!
(
n
m
)
H
n
−
m
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {He} _{n}^{(m)}(x)&={\frac {n!}{(n-m)!}}\operatorname {He} _{n-m}(x)&&=m!{\binom {n}{m}}\operatorname {He} _{n-m}(x),\\H_{n}^{(m)}(x)&=2^{m}{\frac {n!}{(n-m)!}}H_{n-m}(x)&&=2^{m}m!{\binom {n}{m}}H_{n-m}(x).\end{aligned}}}
It follows that the Hermite polynomials also satisfy the recurrence relation
He
n
+
1
(
x
)
=
x
He
n
(
x
)
−
n
He
n
−
1
(
x
)
,
H
n
+
1
(
x
)
=
2
x
H
n
(
x
)
−
2
n
H
n
−
1
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {He} _{n+1}(x)&=x\operatorname {He} _{n}(x)-n\operatorname {He} _{n-1}(x),\\H_{n+1}(x)&=2xH_{n}(x)-2nH_{n-1}(x).\end{aligned}}}
These last relations, together with the initial polynomials H0(x) and H1(x), can be used in practice to compute the polynomials quickly.
Turán's inequalities are
H
n
(
x
)
2
−
H
n
−
1
(
x
)
H
n
+
1
(
x
)
=
(
n
−
1
)
!
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
2
n
−
i
i
!
H
i
(
x
)
2
>
0.
{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{n}(x)^{2}-{\mathit {H}}_{n-1}(x){\mathit {H}}_{n+1}(x)=(n-1)!\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}{\frac {2^{n-i}}{i!}}{\mathit {H}}_{i}(x)^{2}>0.}
Moreover, the following multiplication theorem holds:
H
n
(
γ
x
)
=
∑
i
=
0
⌊
n
2
⌋
γ
n
−
2
i
(
γ
2
−
1
)
i
(
n
2
i
)
(
2
i
)
!
i
!
H
n
−
2
i
(
x
)
,
He
n
(
γ
x
)
=
∑
i
=
0
⌊
n
2
⌋
γ
n
−
2
i
(
γ
2
−
1
)
i
(
n
2
i
)
(
2
i
)
!
i
!
2
−
i
He
n
−
2
i
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}H_{n}(\gamma x)&=\sum _{i=0}^{\left\lfloor {\tfrac {n}{2}}\right\rfloor }\gamma ^{n-2i}(\gamma ^{2}-1)^{i}{\binom {n}{2i}}{\frac {(2i)!}{i!}}H_{n-2i}(x),\\\operatorname {He} _{n}(\gamma x)&=\sum _{i=0}^{\left\lfloor {\tfrac {n}{2}}\right\rfloor }\gamma ^{n-2i}(\gamma ^{2}-1)^{i}{\binom {n}{2i}}{\frac {(2i)!}{i!}}2^{-i}\operatorname {He} _{n-2i}(x).\end{aligned}}}
= Explicit expression
=The physicist's Hermite polynomials can be written explicitly as
H
n
(
x
)
=
{
n
!
∑
l
=
0
n
2
(
−
1
)
n
2
−
l
(
2
l
)
!
(
n
2
−
l
)
!
(
2
x
)
2
l
for even
n
,
n
!
∑
l
=
0
n
−
1
2
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
2
−
l
(
2
l
+
1
)
!
(
n
−
1
2
−
l
)
!
(
2
x
)
2
l
+
1
for odd
n
.
{\displaystyle H_{n}(x)={\begin{cases}\displaystyle n!\sum _{l=0}^{\frac {n}{2}}{\frac {(-1)^{{\tfrac {n}{2}}-l}}{(2l)!\left({\tfrac {n}{2}}-l\right)!}}(2x)^{2l}&{\text{for even }}n,\\\displaystyle n!\sum _{l=0}^{\frac {n-1}{2}}{\frac {(-1)^{{\frac {n-1}{2}}-l}}{(2l+1)!\left({\frac {n-1}{2}}-l\right)!}}(2x)^{2l+1}&{\text{for odd }}n.\end{cases}}}
These two equations may be combined into one using the floor function:
H
n
(
x
)
=
n
!
∑
m
=
0
⌊
n
2
⌋
(
−
1
)
m
m
!
(
n
−
2
m
)
!
(
2
x
)
n
−
2
m
.
{\displaystyle H_{n}(x)=n!\sum _{m=0}^{\left\lfloor {\tfrac {n}{2}}\right\rfloor }{\frac {(-1)^{m}}{m!(n-2m)!}}(2x)^{n-2m}.}
The probabilist's Hermite polynomials He have similar formulas, which may be obtained from these by replacing the power of 2x with the corresponding power of √2 x and multiplying the entire sum by 2−n/2:
He
n
(
x
)
=
n
!
∑
m
=
0
⌊
n
2
⌋
(
−
1
)
m
m
!
(
n
−
2
m
)
!
x
n
−
2
m
2
m
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n}(x)=n!\sum _{m=0}^{\left\lfloor {\tfrac {n}{2}}\right\rfloor }{\frac {(-1)^{m}}{m!(n-2m)!}}{\frac {x^{n-2m}}{2^{m}}}.}
= Inverse explicit expression
=The inverse of the above explicit expressions, that is, those for monomials in terms of probabilist's Hermite polynomials He are
x
n
=
n
!
∑
m
=
0
⌊
n
2
⌋
1
2
m
m
!
(
n
−
2
m
)
!
He
n
−
2
m
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle x^{n}=n!\sum _{m=0}^{\left\lfloor {\tfrac {n}{2}}\right\rfloor }{\frac {1}{2^{m}m!(n-2m)!}}\operatorname {He} _{n-2m}(x).}
The corresponding expressions for the physicist's Hermite polynomials H follow directly by properly scaling this:
x
n
=
n
!
2
n
∑
m
=
0
⌊
n
2
⌋
1
m
!
(
n
−
2
m
)
!
H
n
−
2
m
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle x^{n}={\frac {n!}{2^{n}}}\sum _{m=0}^{\left\lfloor {\tfrac {n}{2}}\right\rfloor }{\frac {1}{m!(n-2m)!}}H_{n-2m}(x).}
= Generating function
=The Hermite polynomials are given by the exponential generating function
e
x
t
−
1
2
t
2
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
He
n
(
x
)
t
n
n
!
,
e
2
x
t
−
t
2
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
H
n
(
x
)
t
n
n
!
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}e^{xt-{\frac {1}{2}}t^{2}}&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\operatorname {He} _{n}(x){\frac {t^{n}}{n!}},\\e^{2xt-t^{2}}&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }H_{n}(x){\frac {t^{n}}{n!}}.\end{aligned}}}
This equality is valid for all complex values of x and t, and can be obtained by writing the Taylor expansion at x of the entire function z → e−z2 (in the physicist's case). One can also derive the (physicist's) generating function by using Cauchy's integral formula to write the Hermite polynomials as
H
n
(
x
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
e
x
2
d
n
d
x
n
e
−
x
2
=
(
−
1
)
n
e
x
2
n
!
2
π
i
∮
γ
e
−
z
2
(
z
−
x
)
n
+
1
d
z
.
{\displaystyle H_{n}(x)=(-1)^{n}e^{x^{2}}{\frac {d^{n}}{dx^{n}}}e^{-x^{2}}=(-1)^{n}e^{x^{2}}{\frac {n!}{2\pi i}}\oint _{\gamma }{\frac {e^{-z^{2}}}{(z-x)^{n+1}}}\,dz.}
Using this in the sum
∑
n
=
0
∞
H
n
(
x
)
t
n
n
!
,
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }H_{n}(x){\frac {t^{n}}{n!}},}
one can evaluate the remaining integral using the calculus of residues and arrive at the desired generating function.
= Expected values
=If X is a random variable with a normal distribution with standard deviation 1 and expected value μ, then
E
[
He
n
(
X
)
]
=
μ
n
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \left[\operatorname {He} _{n}(X)\right]=\mu ^{n}.}
The moments of the standard normal (with expected value zero) may be read off directly from the relation for even indices:
E
[
X
2
n
]
=
(
−
1
)
n
He
2
n
(
0
)
=
(
2
n
−
1
)
!
!
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \left[X^{2n}\right]=(-1)^{n}\operatorname {He} _{2n}(0)=(2n-1)!!,}
where (2n − 1)!! is the double factorial. Note that the above expression is a special case of the representation of the probabilist's Hermite polynomials as moments:
He
n
(
x
)
=
1
2
π
∫
−
∞
∞
(
x
+
i
y
)
n
e
−
y
2
2
d
y
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n}(x)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }(x+iy)^{n}e^{-{\frac {y^{2}}{2}}}\,dy.}
= Asymptotic expansion
=Asymptotically, as n → ∞, the expansion
e
−
x
2
2
⋅
H
n
(
x
)
∼
2
n
π
Γ
(
n
+
1
2
)
cos
(
x
2
n
−
n
π
2
)
{\displaystyle e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}}\cdot H_{n}(x)\sim {\frac {2^{n}}{\sqrt {\pi }}}\Gamma \left({\frac {n+1}{2}}\right)\cos \left(x{\sqrt {2n}}-{\frac {n\pi }{2}}\right)}
holds true. For certain cases concerning a wider range of evaluation, it is necessary to include a factor for changing amplitude:
e
−
x
2
2
⋅
H
n
(
x
)
∼
2
n
π
Γ
(
n
+
1
2
)
cos
(
x
2
n
−
n
π
2
)
(
1
−
x
2
2
n
+
1
)
−
1
4
=
2
Γ
(
n
)
Γ
(
n
2
)
cos
(
x
2
n
−
n
π
2
)
(
1
−
x
2
2
n
+
1
)
−
1
4
,
{\displaystyle e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}}\cdot H_{n}(x)\sim {\frac {2^{n}}{\sqrt {\pi }}}\Gamma \left({\frac {n+1}{2}}\right)\cos \left(x{\sqrt {2n}}-{\frac {n\pi }{2}}\right)\left(1-{\frac {x^{2}}{2n+1}}\right)^{-{\frac {1}{4}}}={\frac {2\Gamma (n)}{\Gamma \left({\frac {n}{2}}\right)}}\cos \left(x{\sqrt {2n}}-{\frac {n\pi }{2}}\right)\left(1-{\frac {x^{2}}{2n+1}}\right)^{-{\frac {1}{4}}},}
which, using Stirling's approximation, can be further simplified, in the limit, to
e
−
x
2
2
⋅
H
n
(
x
)
∼
(
2
n
e
)
n
2
2
cos
(
x
2
n
−
n
π
2
)
(
1
−
x
2
2
n
+
1
)
−
1
4
.
{\displaystyle e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}}\cdot H_{n}(x)\sim \left({\frac {2n}{e}}\right)^{\frac {n}{2}}{\sqrt {2}}\cos \left(x{\sqrt {2n}}-{\frac {n\pi }{2}}\right)\left(1-{\frac {x^{2}}{2n+1}}\right)^{-{\frac {1}{4}}}.}
This expansion is needed to resolve the wavefunction of a quantum harmonic oscillator such that it agrees with the classical approximation in the limit of the correspondence principle.
A better approximation, which accounts for the variation in frequency, is given by
e
−
x
2
2
⋅
H
n
(
x
)
∼
(
2
n
e
)
n
2
2
cos
(
x
2
n
+
1
−
x
2
3
−
n
π
2
)
(
1
−
x
2
2
n
+
1
)
−
1
4
.
{\displaystyle e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}}\cdot H_{n}(x)\sim \left({\frac {2n}{e}}\right)^{\frac {n}{2}}{\sqrt {2}}\cos \left(x{\sqrt {2n+1-{\frac {x^{2}}{3}}}}-{\frac {n\pi }{2}}\right)\left(1-{\frac {x^{2}}{2n+1}}\right)^{-{\frac {1}{4}}}.}
A finer approximation, which takes into account the uneven spacing of the zeros near the edges, makes use of the substitution
x
=
2
n
+
1
cos
(
φ
)
,
0
<
ε
≤
φ
≤
π
−
ε
,
{\displaystyle x={\sqrt {2n+1}}\cos(\varphi ),\quad 0<\varepsilon \leq \varphi \leq \pi -\varepsilon ,}
with which one has the uniform approximation
e
−
x
2
2
⋅
H
n
(
x
)
=
2
n
2
+
1
4
n
!
(
π
n
)
−
1
4
(
sin
φ
)
−
1
2
⋅
(
sin
(
3
π
4
+
(
n
2
+
1
4
)
(
sin
2
φ
−
2
φ
)
)
+
O
(
n
−
1
)
)
.
{\displaystyle e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}}\cdot H_{n}(x)=2^{{\frac {n}{2}}+{\frac {1}{4}}}{\sqrt {n!}}(\pi n)^{-{\frac {1}{4}}}(\sin \varphi )^{-{\frac {1}{2}}}\cdot \left(\sin \left({\frac {3\pi }{4}}+\left({\frac {n}{2}}+{\frac {1}{4}}\right)\left(\sin 2\varphi -2\varphi \right)\right)+O\left(n^{-1}\right)\right).}
Similar approximations hold for the monotonic and transition regions. Specifically, if
x
=
2
n
+
1
cosh
(
φ
)
,
0
<
ε
≤
φ
≤
ω
<
∞
,
{\displaystyle x={\sqrt {2n+1}}\cosh(\varphi ),\quad 0<\varepsilon \leq \varphi \leq \omega <\infty ,}
then
e
−
x
2
2
⋅
H
n
(
x
)
=
2
n
2
−
3
4
n
!
(
π
n
)
−
1
4
(
sinh
φ
)
−
1
2
⋅
e
(
n
2
+
1
4
)
(
2
φ
−
sinh
2
φ
)
(
1
+
O
(
n
−
1
)
)
,
{\displaystyle e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}}\cdot H_{n}(x)=2^{{\frac {n}{2}}-{\frac {3}{4}}}{\sqrt {n!}}(\pi n)^{-{\frac {1}{4}}}(\sinh \varphi )^{-{\frac {1}{2}}}\cdot e^{\left({\frac {n}{2}}+{\frac {1}{4}}\right)\left(2\varphi -\sinh 2\varphi \right)}\left(1+O\left(n^{-1}\right)\right),}
while for
x
=
2
n
+
1
+
t
{\displaystyle x={\sqrt {2n+1}}+t}
with t complex and bounded, the approximation is
e
−
x
2
2
⋅
H
n
(
x
)
=
π
1
4
2
n
2
+
1
4
n
!
n
−
1
12
(
Ai
(
2
1
2
n
1
6
t
)
+
O
(
n
−
2
3
)
)
,
{\displaystyle e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}}\cdot H_{n}(x)=\pi ^{\frac {1}{4}}2^{{\frac {n}{2}}+{\frac {1}{4}}}{\sqrt {n!}}\,n^{-{\frac {1}{12}}}\left(\operatorname {Ai} \left(2^{\frac {1}{2}}n^{\frac {1}{6}}t\right)+O\left(n^{-{\frac {2}{3}}}\right)\right),}
where Ai is the Airy function of the first kind.
= Special values
=The physicist's Hermite polynomials evaluated at zero argument Hn(0) are called Hermite numbers.
H
n
(
0
)
=
{
0
for odd
n
,
(
−
2
)
n
2
(
n
−
1
)
!
!
for even
n
,
{\displaystyle H_{n}(0)={\begin{cases}0&{\text{for odd }}n,\\(-2)^{\frac {n}{2}}(n-1)!!&{\text{for even }}n,\end{cases}}}
which satisfy the recursion relation Hn(0) = −2(n − 1)Hn − 2(0).
In terms of the probabilist's polynomials this translates to
He
n
(
0
)
=
{
0
for odd
n
,
(
−
1
)
n
2
(
n
−
1
)
!
!
for even
n
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n}(0)={\begin{cases}0&{\text{for odd }}n,\\(-1)^{\frac {n}{2}}(n-1)!!&{\text{for even }}n.\end{cases}}}
Relations to other functions
= Laguerre polynomials
=The Hermite polynomials can be expressed as a special case of the Laguerre polynomials:
H
2
n
(
x
)
=
(
−
4
)
n
n
!
L
n
(
−
1
2
)
(
x
2
)
=
4
n
n
!
∑
k
=
0
n
(
−
1
)
n
−
k
(
n
−
1
2
n
−
k
)
x
2
k
k
!
,
H
2
n
+
1
(
x
)
=
2
(
−
4
)
n
n
!
x
L
n
(
1
2
)
(
x
2
)
=
2
⋅
4
n
n
!
∑
k
=
0
n
(
−
1
)
n
−
k
(
n
+
1
2
n
−
k
)
x
2
k
+
1
k
!
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}H_{2n}(x)&=(-4)^{n}n!L_{n}^{\left(-{\frac {1}{2}}\right)}(x^{2})&&=4^{n}n!\sum _{k=0}^{n}(-1)^{n-k}{\binom {n-{\frac {1}{2}}}{n-k}}{\frac {x^{2k}}{k!}},\\H_{2n+1}(x)&=2(-4)^{n}n!xL_{n}^{\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)}(x^{2})&&=2\cdot 4^{n}n!\sum _{k=0}^{n}(-1)^{n-k}{\binom {n+{\frac {1}{2}}}{n-k}}{\frac {x^{2k+1}}{k!}}.\end{aligned}}}
= Relation to confluent hypergeometric functions
=The physicist's Hermite polynomials can be expressed as a special case of the parabolic cylinder functions:
H
n
(
x
)
=
2
n
U
(
−
1
2
n
,
1
2
,
x
2
)
{\displaystyle H_{n}(x)=2^{n}U\left(-{\tfrac {1}{2}}n,{\tfrac {1}{2}},x^{2}\right)}
in the right half-plane, where U(a, b, z) is Tricomi's confluent hypergeometric function. Similarly,
H
2
n
(
x
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
(
2
n
)
!
n
!
1
F
1
(
−
n
,
1
2
;
x
2
)
,
H
2
n
+
1
(
x
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
(
2
n
+
1
)
!
n
!
2
x
1
F
1
(
−
n
,
3
2
;
x
2
)
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}H_{2n}(x)&=(-1)^{n}{\frac {(2n)!}{n!}}\,_{1}F_{1}{\big (}-n,{\tfrac {1}{2}};x^{2}{\big )},\\H_{2n+1}(x)&=(-1)^{n}{\frac {(2n+1)!}{n!}}\,2x\,_{1}F_{1}{\big (}-n,{\tfrac {3}{2}};x^{2}{\big )},\end{aligned}}}
where 1F1(a, b; z) = M(a, b; z) is Kummer's confluent hypergeometric function.
Hermite polynomial expansion
Similar to Taylor expansion, some functions are expressible as an infinite sum of Hermite polynomials. Specifically, if
∫
e
−
x
2
f
(
x
)
2
d
x
<
∞
{\displaystyle \int e^{-x^{2}}f(x)^{2}dx<\infty }
, then it has an expansion in the physicist's Hermite polynomials.
Given such
f
{\displaystyle f}
, the partial sums of the Hermite expansion of
f
{\displaystyle f}
converges to in the
L
p
{\displaystyle L^{p}}
norm if and only if
4
/
3
<
p
<
4
{\displaystyle 4/3
.
x
n
=
n
!
2
n
∑
k
=
0
⌊
n
/
2
⌋
1
k
!
(
n
−
2
k
)
!
H
n
−
2
k
(
x
)
=
n
!
∑
k
=
0
⌊
n
/
2
⌋
1
k
!
2
k
(
n
−
2
k
)
!
He
n
−
2
k
(
x
)
,
n
∈
Z
+
.
{\displaystyle x^{n}={\frac {n!}{2^{n}}}\,\sum _{k=0}^{\left\lfloor n/2\right\rfloor }{\frac {1}{k!\,(n-2k)!}}\,H_{n-2k}(x)=n!\sum _{k=0}^{\left\lfloor n/2\right\rfloor }{\frac {1}{k!\,2^{k}\,(n-2k)!}}\,\operatorname {He} _{n-2k}(x),\qquad n\in \mathbb {Z} _{+}.}
e
a
x
=
e
a
2
/
4
∑
n
≥
0
a
n
n
!
2
n
H
n
(
x
)
,
a
∈
C
,
x
∈
R
.
{\displaystyle e^{ax}=e^{a^{2}/4}\sum _{n\geq 0}{\frac {a^{n}}{n!\,2^{n}}}\,H_{n}(x),\qquad a\in \mathbb {C} ,\quad x\in \mathbb {R} .}
e
−
a
2
x
2
=
∑
n
≥
0
(
−
1
)
n
a
2
n
n
!
(
1
+
a
2
)
n
+
1
/
2
2
2
n
H
2
n
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle e^{-a^{2}x^{2}}=\sum _{n\geq 0}{\frac {(-1)^{n}a^{2n}}{n!\left(1+a^{2}\right)^{n+1/2}2^{2n}}}\,H_{2n}(x).}
erf
(
x
)
=
2
π
∫
0
x
e
−
t
2
d
t
=
1
2
π
∑
k
≥
0
(
−
1
)
k
k
!
(
2
k
+
1
)
2
3
k
H
2
k
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {erf} (x)={\frac {2}{\sqrt {\pi }}}\int _{0}^{x}e^{-t^{2}}~dt={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}\sum _{k\geq 0}{\frac {(-1)^{k}}{k!(2k+1)2^{3k}}}H_{2k}(x).}
cosh
(
2
x
)
=
e
∑
k
≥
0
1
(
2
k
)
!
H
2
k
(
x
)
,
sinh
(
2
x
)
=
e
∑
k
≥
0
1
(
2
k
+
1
)
!
H
2
k
+
1
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle \cosh(2x)=e\sum _{k\geq 0}{\frac {1}{(2k)!}}\,H_{2k}(x),\qquad \sinh(2x)=e\sum _{k\geq 0}{\frac {1}{(2k+1)!}}\,H_{2k+1}(x).}
cos
(
x
)
=
e
−
1
/
4
∑
k
≥
0
(
−
1
)
k
2
2
k
(
2
k
)
!
H
2
k
(
x
)
sin
(
x
)
=
e
−
1
/
4
∑
k
≥
0
(
−
1
)
k
2
2
k
+
1
(
2
k
+
1
)
!
H
2
k
+
1
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \cos(x)=e^{-1/4}\,\sum _{k\geq 0}{\frac {(-1)^{k}}{2^{2k}\,(2k)!}}\,H_{2k}(x)\quad \sin(x)=e^{-1/4}\,\sum _{k\geq 0}{\frac {(-1)^{k}}{2^{2k+1}\,(2k+1)!}}\,H_{2k+1}(x)}
Differential-operator representation
The probabilist's Hermite polynomials satisfy the identity
He
n
(
x
)
=
e
−
D
2
2
x
n
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n}(x)=e^{-{\frac {D^{2}}{2}}}x^{n},}
where D represents differentiation with respect to x, and the exponential is interpreted by expanding it as a power series. There are no delicate questions of convergence of this series when it operates on polynomials, since all but finitely many terms vanish.
Since the power-series coefficients of the exponential are well known, and higher-order derivatives of the monomial xn can be written down explicitly, this differential-operator representation gives rise to a concrete formula for the coefficients of Hn that can be used to quickly compute these polynomials.
Since the formal expression for the Weierstrass transform W is eD2, we see that the Weierstrass transform of (√2)nHen(x/√2) is xn. Essentially the Weierstrass transform thus turns a series of Hermite polynomials into a corresponding Maclaurin series.
The existence of some formal power series g(D) with nonzero constant coefficient, such that Hen(x) = g(D)xn, is another equivalent to the statement that these polynomials form an Appell sequence. Since they are an Appell sequence, they are a fortiori a Sheffer sequence.
Contour-integral representation
From the generating-function representation above, we see that the Hermite polynomials have a representation in terms of a contour integral, as
He
n
(
x
)
=
n
!
2
π
i
∮
C
e
t
x
−
t
2
2
t
n
+
1
d
t
,
H
n
(
x
)
=
n
!
2
π
i
∮
C
e
2
t
x
−
t
2
t
n
+
1
d
t
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {He} _{n}(x)&={\frac {n!}{2\pi i}}\oint _{C}{\frac {e^{tx-{\frac {t^{2}}{2}}}}{t^{n+1}}}\,dt,\\H_{n}(x)&={\frac {n!}{2\pi i}}\oint _{C}{\frac {e^{2tx-t^{2}}}{t^{n+1}}}\,dt,\end{aligned}}}
with the contour encircling the origin.
Generalizations
The probabilist's Hermite polynomials defined above are orthogonal with respect to the standard normal probability distribution, whose density function is
1
2
π
e
−
x
2
2
,
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}},}
which has expected value 0 and variance 1.
Scaling, one may analogously speak of generalized Hermite polynomials
He
n
[
α
]
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n}^{[\alpha ]}(x)}
of variance α, where α is any positive number. These are then orthogonal with respect to the normal probability distribution whose density function is
(
2
π
α
)
−
1
2
e
−
x
2
2
α
.
{\displaystyle (2\pi \alpha )^{-{\frac {1}{2}}}e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2\alpha }}}.}
They are given by
He
n
[
α
]
(
x
)
=
α
n
2
He
n
(
x
α
)
=
(
α
2
)
n
2
H
n
(
x
2
α
)
=
e
−
α
D
2
2
(
x
n
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n}^{[\alpha ]}(x)=\alpha ^{\frac {n}{2}}\operatorname {He} _{n}\left({\frac {x}{\sqrt {\alpha }}}\right)=\left({\frac {\alpha }{2}}\right)^{\frac {n}{2}}H_{n}\left({\frac {x}{\sqrt {2\alpha }}}\right)=e^{-{\frac {\alpha D^{2}}{2}}}\left(x^{n}\right).}
Now, if
He
n
[
α
]
(
x
)
=
∑
k
=
0
n
h
n
,
k
[
α
]
x
k
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n}^{[\alpha ]}(x)=\sum _{k=0}^{n}h_{n,k}^{[\alpha ]}x^{k},}
then the polynomial sequence whose nth term is
(
He
n
[
α
]
∘
He
[
β
]
)
(
x
)
≡
∑
k
=
0
n
h
n
,
k
[
α
]
He
k
[
β
]
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \left(\operatorname {He} _{n}^{[\alpha ]}\circ \operatorname {He} ^{[\beta ]}\right)(x)\equiv \sum _{k=0}^{n}h_{n,k}^{[\alpha ]}\,\operatorname {He} _{k}^{[\beta ]}(x)}
is called the umbral composition of the two polynomial sequences. It can be shown to satisfy the identities
(
He
n
[
α
]
∘
He
[
β
]
)
(
x
)
=
He
n
[
α
+
β
]
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \left(\operatorname {He} _{n}^{[\alpha ]}\circ \operatorname {He} ^{[\beta ]}\right)(x)=\operatorname {He} _{n}^{[\alpha +\beta ]}(x)}
and
He
n
[
α
+
β
]
(
x
+
y
)
=
∑
k
=
0
n
(
n
k
)
He
k
[
α
]
(
x
)
He
n
−
k
[
β
]
(
y
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n}^{[\alpha +\beta ]}(x+y)=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}\operatorname {He} _{k}^{[\alpha ]}(x)\operatorname {He} _{n-k}^{[\beta ]}(y).}
The last identity is expressed by saying that this parameterized family of polynomial sequences is known as a cross-sequence. (See the above section on Appell sequences and on the differential-operator representation, which leads to a ready derivation of it. This binomial type identity, for α = β = 1/2, has already been encountered in the above section on #Recursion relations.)
= "Negative variance"
=Since polynomial sequences form a group under the operation of umbral composition, one may denote by
He
n
[
−
α
]
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n}^{[-\alpha ]}(x)}
the sequence that is inverse to the one similarly denoted, but without the minus sign, and thus speak of Hermite polynomials of negative variance. For α > 0, the coefficients of
He
n
[
−
α
]
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n}^{[-\alpha ]}(x)}
are just the absolute values of the corresponding coefficients of
He
n
[
α
]
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n}^{[\alpha ]}(x)}
.
These arise as moments of normal probability distributions: The nth moment of the normal distribution with expected value μ and variance σ2 is
E
[
X
n
]
=
He
n
[
−
σ
2
]
(
μ
)
,
{\displaystyle E[X^{n}]=\operatorname {He} _{n}^{[-\sigma ^{2}]}(\mu ),}
where X is a random variable with the specified normal distribution. A special case of the cross-sequence identity then says that
∑
k
=
0
n
(
n
k
)
He
k
[
α
]
(
x
)
He
n
−
k
[
−
α
]
(
y
)
=
He
n
[
0
]
(
x
+
y
)
=
(
x
+
y
)
n
.
{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}\operatorname {He} _{k}^{[\alpha ]}(x)\operatorname {He} _{n-k}^{[-\alpha ]}(y)=\operatorname {He} _{n}^{[0]}(x+y)=(x+y)^{n}.}
Hermite functions
= Definition
=One can define the Hermite functions (often called Hermite-Gaussian functions) from the physicist's polynomials:
ψ
n
(
x
)
=
(
2
n
n
!
π
)
−
1
2
e
−
x
2
2
H
n
(
x
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
(
2
n
n
!
π
)
−
1
2
e
x
2
2
d
n
d
x
n
e
−
x
2
.
{\displaystyle \psi _{n}(x)=\left(2^{n}n!{\sqrt {\pi }}\right)^{-{\frac {1}{2}}}e^{-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}}H_{n}(x)=(-1)^{n}\left(2^{n}n!{\sqrt {\pi }}\right)^{-{\frac {1}{2}}}e^{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}{\frac {d^{n}}{dx^{n}}}e^{-x^{2}}.}
Thus,
2
(
n
+
1
)
ψ
n
+
1
(
x
)
=
(
x
−
d
d
x
)
ψ
n
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2(n+1)}}~~\psi _{n+1}(x)=\left(x-{d \over dx}\right)\psi _{n}(x).}
Since these functions contain the square root of the weight function and have been scaled appropriately, they are orthonormal:
∫
−
∞
∞
ψ
n
(
x
)
ψ
m
(
x
)
d
x
=
δ
n
m
,
{\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\psi _{n}(x)\psi _{m}(x)\,dx=\delta _{nm},}
and they form an orthonormal basis of L2(R). This fact is equivalent to the corresponding statement for Hermite polynomials (see above).
The Hermite functions are closely related to the Whittaker function (Whittaker & Watson 1996) Dn(z):
D
n
(
z
)
=
(
n
!
π
)
1
2
ψ
n
(
z
2
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
e
z
2
4
d
n
d
z
n
e
−
z
2
2
{\displaystyle D_{n}(z)=\left(n!{\sqrt {\pi }}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}\psi _{n}\left({\frac {z}{\sqrt {2}}}\right)=(-1)^{n}e^{\frac {z^{2}}{4}}{\frac {d^{n}}{dz^{n}}}e^{\frac {-z^{2}}{2}}}
and thereby to other parabolic cylinder functions.
The Hermite functions satisfy the differential equation
ψ
n
″
(
x
)
+
(
2
n
+
1
−
x
2
)
ψ
n
(
x
)
=
0.
{\displaystyle \psi _{n}''(x)+\left(2n+1-x^{2}\right)\psi _{n}(x)=0.}
This equation is equivalent to the Schrödinger equation for a harmonic oscillator in quantum mechanics, so these functions are the eigenfunctions.
ψ
0
(
x
)
=
π
−
1
4
e
−
1
2
x
2
,
ψ
1
(
x
)
=
2
π
−
1
4
x
e
−
1
2
x
2
,
ψ
2
(
x
)
=
(
2
π
1
4
)
−
1
(
2
x
2
−
1
)
e
−
1
2
x
2
,
ψ
3
(
x
)
=
(
3
π
1
4
)
−
1
(
2
x
3
−
3
x
)
e
−
1
2
x
2
,
ψ
4
(
x
)
=
(
2
6
π
1
4
)
−
1
(
4
x
4
−
12
x
2
+
3
)
e
−
1
2
x
2
,
ψ
5
(
x
)
=
(
2
15
π
1
4
)
−
1
(
4
x
5
−
20
x
3
+
15
x
)
e
−
1
2
x
2
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\psi _{0}(x)&=\pi ^{-{\frac {1}{4}}}\,e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}},\\\psi _{1}(x)&={\sqrt {2}}\,\pi ^{-{\frac {1}{4}}}\,x\,e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}},\\\psi _{2}(x)&=\left({\sqrt {2}}\,\pi ^{\frac {1}{4}}\right)^{-1}\,\left(2x^{2}-1\right)\,e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}},\\\psi _{3}(x)&=\left({\sqrt {3}}\,\pi ^{\frac {1}{4}}\right)^{-1}\,\left(2x^{3}-3x\right)\,e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}},\\\psi _{4}(x)&=\left(2{\sqrt {6}}\,\pi ^{\frac {1}{4}}\right)^{-1}\,\left(4x^{4}-12x^{2}+3\right)\,e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}},\\\psi _{5}(x)&=\left(2{\sqrt {15}}\,\pi ^{\frac {1}{4}}\right)^{-1}\,\left(4x^{5}-20x^{3}+15x\right)\,e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}}.\end{aligned}}}
= Recursion relation
=Following recursion relations of Hermite polynomials, the Hermite functions obey
ψ
n
′
(
x
)
=
n
2
ψ
n
−
1
(
x
)
−
n
+
1
2
ψ
n
+
1
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \psi _{n}'(x)={\sqrt {\frac {n}{2}}}\,\psi _{n-1}(x)-{\sqrt {\frac {n+1}{2}}}\psi _{n+1}(x)}
and
x
ψ
n
(
x
)
=
n
2
ψ
n
−
1
(
x
)
+
n
+
1
2
ψ
n
+
1
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle x\psi _{n}(x)={\sqrt {\frac {n}{2}}}\,\psi _{n-1}(x)+{\sqrt {\frac {n+1}{2}}}\psi _{n+1}(x).}
Extending the first relation to the arbitrary mth derivatives for any positive integer m leads to
ψ
n
(
m
)
(
x
)
=
∑
k
=
0
m
(
m
k
)
(
−
1
)
k
2
m
−
k
2
n
!
(
n
−
m
+
k
)
!
ψ
n
−
m
+
k
(
x
)
He
k
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle \psi _{n}^{(m)}(x)=\sum _{k=0}^{m}{\binom {m}{k}}(-1)^{k}2^{\frac {m-k}{2}}{\sqrt {\frac {n!}{(n-m+k)!}}}\psi _{n-m+k}(x)\operatorname {He} _{k}(x).}
This formula can be used in connection with the recurrence relations for Hen and ψn to calculate any derivative of the Hermite functions efficiently.
= Cramér's inequality
=For real x, the Hermite functions satisfy the following bound due to Harald Cramér and Jack Indritz:
|
ψ
n
(
x
)
|
≤
π
−
1
4
.
{\displaystyle {\bigl |}\psi _{n}(x){\bigr |}\leq \pi ^{-{\frac {1}{4}}}.}
= Hermite functions as eigenfunctions of the Fourier transform
=The Hermite functions ψn(x) are a set of eigenfunctions of the continuous Fourier transform F. To see this, take the physicist's version of the generating function and multiply by e−1/2x2. This gives
e
−
1
2
x
2
+
2
x
t
−
t
2
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
e
−
1
2
x
2
H
n
(
x
)
t
n
n
!
.
{\displaystyle e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}+2xt-t^{2}}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}}H_{n}(x){\frac {t^{n}}{n!}}.}
The Fourier transform of the left side is given by
F
{
e
−
1
2
x
2
+
2
x
t
−
t
2
}
(
k
)
=
1
2
π
∫
−
∞
∞
e
−
i
x
k
e
−
1
2
x
2
+
2
x
t
−
t
2
d
x
=
e
−
1
2
k
2
−
2
k
i
t
+
t
2
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
e
−
1
2
k
2
H
n
(
k
)
(
−
i
t
)
n
n
!
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\mathcal {F}}\left\{e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}+2xt-t^{2}}\right\}(k)&={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-ixk}e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}+2xt-t^{2}}\,dx\\&=e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}k^{2}-2kit+t^{2}}\\&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}k^{2}}H_{n}(k){\frac {(-it)^{n}}{n!}}.\end{aligned}}}
The Fourier transform of the right side is given by
F
{
∑
n
=
0
∞
e
−
1
2
x
2
H
n
(
x
)
t
n
n
!
}
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
F
{
e
−
1
2
x
2
H
n
(
x
)
}
t
n
n
!
.
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}\left\{\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}}H_{n}(x){\frac {t^{n}}{n!}}\right\}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\mathcal {F}}\left\{e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}}H_{n}(x)\right\}{\frac {t^{n}}{n!}}.}
Equating like powers of t in the transformed versions of the left and right sides finally yields
F
{
e
−
1
2
x
2
H
n
(
x
)
}
=
(
−
i
)
n
e
−
1
2
k
2
H
n
(
k
)
.
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}\left\{e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}}H_{n}(x)\right\}=(-i)^{n}e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}k^{2}}H_{n}(k).}
The Hermite functions ψn(x) are thus an orthonormal basis of L2(R), which diagonalizes the Fourier transform operator.
= Wigner distributions of Hermite functions
=The Wigner distribution function of the nth-order Hermite function is related to the nth-order Laguerre polynomial. The Laguerre polynomials are
L
n
(
x
)
:=
∑
k
=
0
n
(
n
k
)
(
−
1
)
k
k
!
x
k
,
{\displaystyle L_{n}(x):=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}{\frac {(-1)^{k}}{k!}}x^{k},}
leading to the oscillator Laguerre functions
l
n
(
x
)
:=
e
−
x
2
L
n
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle l_{n}(x):=e^{-{\frac {x}{2}}}L_{n}(x).}
For all natural integers n, it is straightforward to see that
W
ψ
n
(
t
,
f
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
l
n
(
4
π
(
t
2
+
f
2
)
)
,
{\displaystyle W_{\psi _{n}}(t,f)=(-1)^{n}l_{n}{\big (}4\pi (t^{2}+f^{2}){\big )},}
where the Wigner distribution of a function x ∈ L2(R, C) is defined as
W
x
(
t
,
f
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
x
(
t
+
τ
2
)
x
(
t
−
τ
2
)
∗
e
−
2
π
i
τ
f
d
τ
.
{\displaystyle W_{x}(t,f)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x\left(t+{\frac {\tau }{2}}\right)\,x\left(t-{\frac {\tau }{2}}\right)^{*}\,e^{-2\pi i\tau f}\,d\tau .}
This is a fundamental result for the quantum harmonic oscillator discovered by Hip Groenewold in 1946 in his PhD thesis. It is the standard paradigm of quantum mechanics in phase space.
There are further relations between the two families of polynomials.
= Combinatorial interpretation of coefficients
=In the Hermite polynomial Hen(x) of variance 1, the absolute value of the coefficient of xk is the number of (unordered) partitions of an n-element set into k singletons and n − k/2 (unordered) pairs. Equivalently, it is the number of involutions of an n-element set with precisely k fixed points, or in other words, the number of matchings in the complete graph on n vertices that leave k vertices uncovered (indeed, the Hermite polynomials are the matching polynomials of these graphs). The sum of the absolute values of the coefficients gives the total number of partitions into singletons and pairs, the so-called telephone numbers
1, 1, 2, 4, 10, 26, 76, 232, 764, 2620, 9496,... (sequence A000085 in the OEIS).
This combinatorial interpretation can be related to complete exponential Bell polynomials as
He
n
(
x
)
=
B
n
(
x
,
−
1
,
0
,
…
,
0
)
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n}(x)=B_{n}(x,-1,0,\ldots ,0),}
where xi = 0 for all i > 2.
These numbers may also be expressed as a special value of the Hermite polynomials:
T
(
n
)
=
He
n
(
i
)
i
n
.
{\displaystyle T(n)={\frac {\operatorname {He} _{n}(i)}{i^{n}}}.}
= Completeness relation
=The Christoffel–Darboux formula for Hermite polynomials reads
∑
k
=
0
n
H
k
(
x
)
H
k
(
y
)
k
!
2
k
=
1
n
!
2
n
+
1
H
n
(
y
)
H
n
+
1
(
x
)
−
H
n
(
x
)
H
n
+
1
(
y
)
x
−
y
.
{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{n}{\frac {H_{k}(x)H_{k}(y)}{k!2^{k}}}={\frac {1}{n!2^{n+1}}}\,{\frac {H_{n}(y)H_{n+1}(x)-H_{n}(x)H_{n+1}(y)}{x-y}}.}
Moreover, the following completeness identity for the above Hermite functions holds in the sense of distributions:
∑
n
=
0
∞
ψ
n
(
x
)
ψ
n
(
y
)
=
δ
(
x
−
y
)
,
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\psi _{n}(x)\psi _{n}(y)=\delta (x-y),}
where δ is the Dirac delta function, ψn the Hermite functions, and δ(x − y) represents the Lebesgue measure on the line y = x in R2, normalized so that its projection on the horizontal axis is the usual Lebesgue measure.
This distributional identity follows Wiener (1958) by taking u → 1 in Mehler's formula, valid when −1 < u < 1:
E
(
x
,
y
;
u
)
:=
∑
n
=
0
∞
u
n
ψ
n
(
x
)
ψ
n
(
y
)
=
1
π
(
1
−
u
2
)
exp
(
−
1
−
u
1
+
u
(
x
+
y
)
2
4
−
1
+
u
1
−
u
(
x
−
y
)
2
4
)
,
{\displaystyle E(x,y;u):=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }u^{n}\,\psi _{n}(x)\,\psi _{n}(y)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {\pi (1-u^{2})}}}\,\exp \left(-{\frac {1-u}{1+u}}\,{\frac {(x+y)^{2}}{4}}-{\frac {1+u}{1-u}}\,{\frac {(x-y)^{2}}{4}}\right),}
which is often stated equivalently as a separable kernel,
∑
n
=
0
∞
H
n
(
x
)
H
n
(
y
)
n
!
(
u
2
)
n
=
1
1
−
u
2
e
2
u
1
+
u
x
y
−
u
2
1
−
u
2
(
x
−
y
)
2
.
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {H_{n}(x)H_{n}(y)}{n!}}\left({\frac {u}{2}}\right)^{n}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-u^{2}}}}e^{{\frac {2u}{1+u}}xy-{\frac {u^{2}}{1-u^{2}}}(x-y)^{2}}.}
The function (x, y) → E(x, y; u) is the bivariate Gaussian probability density on R2, which is, when u is close to 1, very concentrated around the line y = x, and very spread out on that line. It follows that
∑
n
=
0
∞
u
n
⟨
f
,
ψ
n
⟩
⟨
ψ
n
,
g
⟩
=
∬
E
(
x
,
y
;
u
)
f
(
x
)
g
(
y
)
¯
d
x
d
y
→
∫
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
¯
d
x
=
⟨
f
,
g
⟩
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }u^{n}\langle f,\psi _{n}\rangle \langle \psi _{n},g\rangle =\iint E(x,y;u)f(x){\overline {g(y)}}\,dx\,dy\to \int f(x){\overline {g(x)}}\,dx=\langle f,g\rangle }
when f and g are continuous and compactly supported.
This yields that f can be expressed in Hermite functions as the sum of a series of vectors in L2(R), namely,
f
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
⟨
f
,
ψ
n
⟩
ψ
n
.
{\displaystyle f=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\langle f,\psi _{n}\rangle \psi _{n}.}
In order to prove the above equality for E(x,y;u), the Fourier transform of Gaussian functions is used repeatedly:
ρ
π
e
−
ρ
2
x
2
4
=
∫
e
i
s
x
−
s
2
ρ
2
d
s
for
ρ
>
0.
{\displaystyle \rho {\sqrt {\pi }}e^{-{\frac {\rho ^{2}x^{2}}{4}}}=\int e^{isx-{\frac {s^{2}}{\rho ^{2}}}}\,ds\quad {\text{for }}\rho >0.}
The Hermite polynomial is then represented as
H
n
(
x
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
e
x
2
d
n
d
x
n
(
1
2
π
∫
e
i
s
x
−
s
2
4
d
s
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
e
x
2
1
2
π
∫
(
i
s
)
n
e
i
s
x
−
s
2
4
d
s
.
{\displaystyle H_{n}(x)=(-1)^{n}e^{x^{2}}{\frac {d^{n}}{dx^{n}}}\left({\frac {1}{2{\sqrt {\pi }}}}\int e^{isx-{\frac {s^{2}}{4}}}\,ds\right)=(-1)^{n}e^{x^{2}}{\frac {1}{2{\sqrt {\pi }}}}\int (is)^{n}e^{isx-{\frac {s^{2}}{4}}}\,ds.}
With this representation for Hn(x) and Hn(y), it is evident that
E
(
x
,
y
;
u
)
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
u
n
2
n
n
!
π
H
n
(
x
)
H
n
(
y
)
e
−
x
2
+
y
2
2
=
e
x
2
+
y
2
2
4
π
π
∬
(
∑
n
=
0
∞
1
2
n
n
!
(
−
u
s
t
)
n
)
e
i
s
x
+
i
t
y
−
s
2
4
−
t
2
4
d
s
d
t
=
e
x
2
+
y
2
2
4
π
π
∬
e
−
u
s
t
2
e
i
s
x
+
i
t
y
−
s
2
4
−
t
2
4
d
s
d
t
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E(x,y;u)&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {u^{n}}{2^{n}n!{\sqrt {\pi }}}}\,H_{n}(x)H_{n}(y)e^{-{\frac {x^{2}+y^{2}}{2}}}\\&={\frac {e^{\frac {x^{2}+y^{2}}{2}}}{4\pi {\sqrt {\pi }}}}\iint \left(\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}n!}}(-ust)^{n}\right)e^{isx+ity-{\frac {s^{2}}{4}}-{\frac {t^{2}}{4}}}\,ds\,dt\\&={\frac {e^{\frac {x^{2}+y^{2}}{2}}}{4\pi {\sqrt {\pi }}}}\iint e^{-{\frac {ust}{2}}}\,e^{isx+ity-{\frac {s^{2}}{4}}-{\frac {t^{2}}{4}}}\,ds\,dt,\end{aligned}}}
and this yields the desired resolution of the identity result, using again the Fourier transform of Gaussian kernels under the substitution
s
=
σ
+
τ
2
,
t
=
σ
−
τ
2
.
{\displaystyle s={\frac {\sigma +\tau }{\sqrt {2}}},\quad t={\frac {\sigma -\tau }{\sqrt {2}}}.}
See also
Notes
References
External links
Media related to Hermite polynomials at Wikimedia Commons
Weisstein, Eric W. "Hermite Polynomial". MathWorld.
GNU Scientific Library — includes C version of Hermite polynomials, functions, their derivatives and zeros (see also GNU Scientific Library)
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Polinomial Hermite
- Terence Tao
- Daftar masalah matematika yang belum terpecahkan
- Hermite polynomials
- Cubic Hermite spline
- Charles Hermite
- List of things named after Charles Hermite
- Hermite spline
- Classical orthogonal polynomials
- Orthogonal polynomials
- Laguerre polynomials
- Gauss–Hermite quadrature
- Bell polynomials
