• Source: Hughes plane

In mathematics, a Hughes plane is one of the non-Desarguesian projective planes found by Hughes (1957).
There are examples of order p2n for every odd prime p and every positive integer n.




Construction


The construction of a Hughes plane is based on a nearfield N of order p2n for p an odd prime whose kernel K has order pn and coincides with the center of N.




Properties


A Hughes plane H:

is a non-Desarguesian projective plane of odd square prime power order of Lenz-Barlotti type I.1,
has a Desarguesian Baer subplane H0,
is a self-dual plane in which every orthogonal polarity of H0 can be extended to a polarity of H,
every central collineation of H0 extends to a central collineation of H, and
the full collineation group of H has two point orbits (one of which is H0), two line orbits, and four flag orbits.




The smallest Hughes Plane (order 9)


The Hughes plane of order 9 was actually found earlier by Veblen and Wedderburn in 1907. A construction of this plane can be found in Room & Kirkpatrick (1971) where it is called the plane Ψ.




Notes






References


Dembowski, P. (1968), Finite Geometries, Berlin: Springer-Verlag
Hughes, D. R. (1957), "A class of non-Desarguesian projective planes", Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 9: 378–388, doi:10.4153/CJM-1957-045-0, ISSN 0008-414X, MR 0087960
Room, T. G.; Kirkpatrick, P. B. (1971). Miniquaternion geometry; an introduction to the study of projective planes. Cambridge [England]: University Press. ISBN 0-521-07926-8. OCLC 111943.
Weibel, Charles (2007), "Survey of Non-Desarguesian Planes", Notices of the AMS, 54 (10): 1294–1303

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