- Source: National Advisory Committee for Women
The National Advisory Committee for Women (NACW) was a presidential commission established by President Jimmy Carter in 1978. It was renamed the President's Advisory Committee for Women (PACFW), with a reduced mandate, in 1979.
It was the successor to the National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year, with many of the outgoing members of that commission serving on the advisory committee. It was replaced by the Task Force on Legal Equity for Women, launched in December 1981 by President Ronald Reagan with Executive Order 12336.
History
The first body appointed by the U.S. president to focus on the status of women in the United States was the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, appointed by President John F. Kennedy and chaired by former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. Since then, each president to date had formed an appointed body of some form.
President Gerald Ford established the National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year (IWY Commission) in 1975, as connected to the United Nations' declaration of 1975 as International Women's Year. This commission participated in the World Conference on Women, 1975, and then became the statutory body by congressional legislation to organize the 1977 National Women's Conference.
The IWY commission, extended by congressional statute rather than presidential order, was then limited in its mandate to finish its work within six months of the 1977 conference. It published The Spirit of Houston, which engrossed the 26 planks adopted by delegates at the conference and included provisions around the Equal Rights Amendment, abortion rights, child care, and sexual orientation.
Original mission
The committee was constituted as an extension of the IWY Commission's work. It included the promotion of the United Nations Decade for Women as part of its mandate and included a number of members from the previous commission in its membership. However, the committee found little success in its early days and did not meet with President Carter until January 1979, nearly nine months after the committee's appointment. A 15-minute opportunity was offered by the White House in November 1978, tentatively accepted by Abzug before the committee overruled her decision and canceled the meeting.
= Membership
=The co-chairs of the committee were Bella Abzug, the outgoing chair of the IWY Commission, and Carmen Delgado Votaw, also an outgoing member of the Carter-era IWY Commission. Another ten commission members returned to the advisory committee:
Cecilia Preciado-Burciaga, academic at Stanford University
Sey Chassler, editor-in-chief of Redbook magazine
Koryne Horbal, U.S. Representative on the U.N. Commission on the Status of Women
Mildred Jeffrey, president of the National Women's Political Caucus
Jeffalyn Johnson, academic at the Federal Executive Institute
Jean O'Leary, co-executive director of the National Gay Task Force
Claire Randall, general secretary of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA
Jill Ruckelshaus, former presiding officer of the IWY Commission during Ford administration
Eleanor Smeal, NOW president
Addie Wyatt, labor advocate
The membership of the advisory committee included a number of other members, including a number of advocates from minority and religious groups and from the labor movement. These members are:
= Extension of the Equal Rights Amendment
=One of the few political victories of the committee was the three-year extension of the Equal Rights Amendment's ratification deadline from March 1979 to June 1982. During this extension, no further states ratified or rescinded their ratification of the amendment.
= Dismissal of Abzug and fallout
=On January 12, 1979, following the first meeting with the advisory committee, Abzug was invited to additional private meeting with Hamilton Jordan and Robert J. Lipshutz, where Abzug was dismissed as the co-chair. This was done in response to a press release distributed by the advisory committee that was critical of President Carter's economic policies. Later evidence suggests that the decision to fire Abzug was already agreed internally by the White House before the NACW meeting even took place.
In the following days, a majority of the committee's members – at least 26 of the original 40 – resigned in solidarity with Abzug, including co-chairperson Delgado Votaw. This included all committee members who also served on the IWY Commission. Presidential assistant Sarah Weddington, despite characterizing the January 12 meeting as "excellent", recognized the public relations damage of the resignations. Two members, Tin Myaing Thein and Billie Nave Masters, each a spokesperson for minority group caucuses within the Democratic Party, later returned and stayed with the President's Advisory Committee.
This episode of the committee's history was dramatized in the final episode of the FX on Hulu miniseries Mrs. America.
Reform to President's Advisory Committee
After the dismissal of Bella Abzug and the collective resignation of 26 of the committee's 40 members, President Jimmy Carter reconstituted the committee and appointed Lynda Bird Johnson Robb as the new chairperson. Robb would serve in that capacity for the remainder of the committee's duration.
= Criticisms
=Critics, such as Abzug and Steinem, said that the reformed committee was "seriously impaired by the President" in terms of its independence. The PACFW had two key changes in its mandate from the NACW: it lost its mandate on the promotion of the United Nations Decade for Women, now limited to "advice on appropriate ways to promote" it, and it had its mandate to disseminate related materials limited to "newsletters or other appropriate means, to the Executive Branch and to interested members of the public." These changes were confirmed in a legal opinion from the DOJ Office of Legal Counsel, which confirmed that the 1979 reconstitution of the committee "removed its nonadvisory functions."
= Final report and decommissioning
=The committee formally ended its work in line with its 1979 mandate with the December 1980 publication of the Voices for Women report. The report dedicates its entire second chapter to the Equal Rights Amendment and focuses the remaining chapters on its report on education (Chapter 3), health (Chapter 4), human services (Chapter 5), and work and income security (Chapter 6).
Legacy and impact
Much of the committee's work, closely aligned with second-wave feminism in United States politics, did not see continuation. With the 1980 presidential election and as Ronald Reagan took office, his administration pursued a number of more socially conservative policies and the transition of feminist policies as a partisan issue. The Equal Rights Amendment, a key part of the committee's foundations, did not meet its original ratification date and remains a political debate today. Instead, at the 1980 Republican National Convention, the party would abandon its support of the Equal Rights Amendment for the first time in four decades. The party would also harden its position against abortion.
The committee's tumultuous and short history sits in the context of a history of Carter's administration underwhelming feminist activists. The ERA would fail to add any additional ratifications during his presidency. The Hyde Amendment, which prohibited federal funds from being used to enable access to abortion for low-income women, was passed by Congress and with public, personal support from Carter. Feminist activist Midge Costanza would resign her position in the White House in August 1978, with critics suggesting she was fired from her role.
It also marked the maturation of feminist organizations as independent political forces. Women's issues would remain a dominant political issue for the Democratic Party. At its 1980 national convention, the plank around the Equal Rights Amendment was subject to fierce debate between feminists, organized by the National Organization for Women and the National Women's Political Caucus, and the Carter administration. Feminists would emerge victorious in part because of the support of delegates from the National Education Association.
Four years later in 1984 and encouraged by the very same critical organizations whose members resigned in great numbers with Abzug's dismissal, Democratic presidential candidate Walter Mondale would select U.S. Representative Geraldine Ferraro as his vice presidential running mate. This would mark the first woman from a major U.S. political party to be part of a presidential ticket.
References
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Dorothy Vaughan
- Kitty O'Brien Joyner
- Mary Jackson (insinyur)
- Ellen Alemany
- Katherine Johnson
- Rosaly Lopes
- Tekanan darah tinggi
- Wanda Austin
- Pemilihan umum Presiden Amerika Serikat 2016
- Barack Obama
- National Advisory Committee for Women
- Defense Department Advisory Committee on Women in the Services
- National Security Council (India)
- Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1978)
- National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year
- Jill Ruckelshaus
- Bella Abzug
- Presidential commission (United States)
- Democratic National Committee
- Jewish Council for Public Affairs
Wingwomen (2023)
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Mélanie Laurent
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